2. Carbohydrates (sugars) Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

3. – molecules containing C, H, & O Make life possible High-energy molecules Energy used to synthesize Energy released in breakdown Four types of organic compounds

4. Glucose – metabolized for energy Starches – long chains of simple sugars used for energy storage Chitin – skeletal material Cellulose – cell structure

5. Chains of amino acids Muscles are mostly made up of proteins Enzymes – catalyze reactions Structural proteins – skin, hair, skeleton Hormones

6. Fats, oils, & waxes Energy storage – more than twice as much as sugar Water repellant Buoyancy Insulation Hormones

7.  Store and transmit the genetic information of all living things Long chains of subunits called nucleotides DNA – instructions for the construction and maintenance of an organism; the complete set is called the genome The nitrogen bases are sequenced into genes that code for a specific protein RNA – helps DNA

8. ATP – the molecule used to store energy; like a rechargeable battery You use ~ 125 lbs./day Organisms need to capture, store and use energy Most organisms use only two sets of reactions

9. Algae, plants, and some microorganisms Capture the sun’s energy and use it to make glucose The pigment chlorophyll captures the solar energy We rely on photosynthesis for food and oxygen Organisms that photosynthesize are called autotrophs (animals that make their own food) Plants on land; bacteria and algae in the ocean

11. Both autotrophs and heterotrophs Releases the energy from org. compounds Reverse of photosynthesis Organic matter (glucose) + O2 H2O + CO2 (Similar to burning wood or oil) Chemical energy captured in ATP Aerobic – uses oxygen, more efficient Anaerobic – does not use oxygen, less efficient

13. Most of the glucose is used for fuel or converted into other types of org. compounds The organic matter autotrophs make is called primary production Used by the organism for growth and reproduction Autotrophs are animals that make their own food (also called producers)

14. Vitamins, minerals and other substances are needed to convert glucose into other org. compounds Nitrogen for proteins & nucleic acids Phosphorus for nucleic acids Silica (SiO2) to make shells Iron – necessary, but a limited resource in the ocean

15. Organic compounds are organized into functional units that are alive

16. Cell – basic unit of life All organisms are made of cells Wrapped in a cell membrane Cell is filled with jelly-like cytoplasm Organelles have specific jobs in the cell

17. Prokaryotes are primitive cells Ancient, simple, small No membrane-bound organelles Bacteria Prokaryotes have few structures: Cell wall – support Ribosomes – assemble proteins DNA – loose in the cytoplasm Flagella – locomotion

18. Eukaryotic cells are organized and complex Larger than prokaryotes Have specialized organelles: Nucleus – contains chromosomes (DNA) Endoplasmic reticulum – make proteins and other org. molecules for the cell Golgi apparatus – package and transport molecules Mitochondria – respiration center to provide energy Flagella and cilia – for movement

19. Chloroplasts – photosynthesis center Cell wall - support

20. 1. A cell is self-contained and can carry out all the functions necessary for life Unicellular – all prokaryotes and some eukaryotes Multicellular – most eukaryotes Human body has 100,000,000,000,000 cells In multicellular organisms cells specialize to perform different tasks for the organism

21. Cells that act together for a specific job are called tissues Muscle, nervous, bone, blood, epithelial Tissues are organized into organs to carry out specific functions Liver, kidney, heart, skin, brain Organs act together in an organ system Skeletal, muscular, excretory, endocrine, digestive

22. Species – one type of organism Blue mussel Population – a group of one species A bunch of blue mussels Community – several different populations that live and interact in an area Blue mussels, crabs, barnacles, & chitons living on a rock Ecosystem – the communities living together with the physical environment Living on a rocky shore with seawater, air, temperature, sunlight, etc.

24. Marine organisms must cope with different problems than on land and have evolved ways to adapt to their marine habitat Most important is maintaining homeostasis (Keeping their internal condition normal regardless of the external condition)

25. Marine organisms are immersed in a medium – sea water – that can greatly affect their cell function Enzymes and organic molecules are sensitive to ion concentration (salinity)

26. Dissolved ions move around in water Random movement spreads ions out in an even distribution Results in diffusion – movement from high to low concentration

27. When concentrations are different inside and outside a cell, substances will move in/out by diffusion Salt from seawater will diffuse into the cell Nutrients will diffuse out of the cell

28. The cell membrane blocks diffusion It’s selectively permeable – it allows only some substances to go in/out Water is a small molecule and can fit through the cell membrane ** Always diffuses from high to low concentration

29. If a cell has more solutes inside than outside, water will stream in and swell the cell If the seawater has more salt, water will leave and the cell will shrivel This diffusion of water is called osmosis

30. Cells may need to move materials against diffusion (low high) -e.g. expelling extra salt or taking in more sugar That requires ENERGY!!! Active transport – proteins in the cell membrane pump materials using ATP 1/3 of the cell’s energy is spent on this

31. Marine organisms have adapted ways to balance water and salt A. Osmoconformers –their internal concentrations change with the salinity of the seawater Live in a narrow range of salinity

32. – control internal concentrations to avoid osmotic problems Can tolerate changes in salinity better Can change their internal concentrations to match the seawater Salt water fishes lose water by osmosis ¨ Drink water or reduce urine amount to replace lost water Excrete excess salts in the urine or through the gills

33. Freshwater fishes gain water by osmosis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3v oCy12AnY

34. Ectotherms – “cold blooded” lose their heat to the seawater Endotherms – “warm blooded” retain heat and keep their body temp higher than the water -Mammals, birds, and some large fishes

35. Poikilotherms – body temp changes with the temp of the seawater Incl. all ectotherms & endothermic fishes Homeotherms – keep internal temp the same, regardless of outside temp

36. Go back and draw a picture next to each of the last 6 definitions: Osmoconformer Osmoregulator Ectotherm Endotherm Poikilotherm Homeotherm

37. Heat and materials exchange across the surface of an organism The surface-to-volume ratio (S/V ratio) determines how rapidly this happens As organisms get larger the volume grows faster than the surface area Small organisms rely on diffusion Large organisms respiratory and excretory systems

38. A species must reproduce or vanish from the planet Produce a new offspring Pass on the genetic information A. Modes of Reproduction Cells reproduce through cell division Cell fission in prokaryotes; mitosis in eukaryotes Results in identical daughter cells

39. No partner Offspring are genetically identical – clones Most single-celled organisms reproduce this way, & some multicellular organisms do 1. Fission-some sea anemones will split in half, making two smaller ones 2. Budding-Some sponges break off to become separate individuals

40. Union of two separate gametes (sex cells) from two parents Ovaries – female gonads that produce eggs Testes – male gonads that produce sperm Meiosis divides the chromosomes in half; Fertilization combines them to form a full set again A fertilized egg is called a zygote. It has DNA from both parents

41. This genetic recombination causes variation in the offspring and is the greatest advantage of sexual reproduction The zygote divides by mitosis and eventually forms an embryo May pass through a larval stage on the way to adulthood

42. The goal of reproduction is to pass on the genes Varying reproductive strategies to get the same result Broadcast spawning – release millions of eggs and sperm into the water No parental care, most die Have few offspring and invest more time and energy into their survival Some use sexual and asexual reproduction Some species are hermaphroditic, both sexual organs

43. The vast diversity of organisms in the ocean came through millions of years of evolution The gradual alteration of a species’ genetic makeup

44. Individual organisms show variation in how they: Find food, avoid being eaten, reproduce, find mates, metabolize, etc. The best-adapted produce more offspring than the others This process is called natural selection As their genes get passed on the favorable traits become more common The population’s genetic makeup changes over time as it adapts to its environment Populations either adapt to the changes in the environment or become extinct

45. To discuss the huge variety of life forms we must first classify them 1. The Biological Species Concept Species- A population with common characteristics that can successfully breed with each other (fertile offspring) If two populations cannot interbreed they are reproductively isolated

46. Organisms are identified with a two- word name - Genus and species Blue whale – Balaenoptera musculus Fin whale – Balaenoptera physalus Minke whale – Balaenoptera acutorostrata Latin or Greek is used for naming Common names are confusing, scientific names are used worldwide to precisely identify a species

47. Organisms are grouped according to their relatedness Related organisms share an evolutionary history, or phylogeny They share a common ancestor Look at fossil record, anatomy, reproduction, embryological development, DNA, behavior, etc.

48. The Tree of Life Classifications have changed over time Started with two kingdoms – Animalia and Plantae Then five kingdoms – added Fungi, Monera, & Protista Then three domain system

49. Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species