1. Continuous Data from GPS Collars Analyzing time and location Yellowstone National Park Tyler Coleman & Andrea Amparore (presented by Ann Rodman) It’s 5 am, do you know where your grizzly bears are?

2. GPS Collar Data The problem with so much data...... is how quickly it gets complicated.

3. The Study  15 Grizzly bears with GPS collars location every 30 min 75,000 locations/season  Backpacker groups with GPS units location every 5 min 140 trips/season 76,000 locations/season  74 campsites A huge amount of data !

4. 2007 GPS Collar data

5. Study Location 35 miles  Bears: 75  Hikers: 2,600  Four bear management areas

6. Management questions Humans and grizzly bears in the backcountry  How often are the bears and hikers in close proximity?  Which areas have a higher likelihood of human/bear interactions

7. Hiker trips + Bear movement

8.  Need the time and date when the tracks cross the intersection point  In the 2007 data there are more than 15,000 of these intersection points 10:16:23 6/25/2007 10:00:14 6/25/2007 10:30:18 6/25/2007 10:19:32 6/25/2007 10:21:28 6/25/2007 bears Intersection hikers

9. Linear Referencing Time - bears  Use GPS points to add time to lines Need consecutive numbers  Clean up GPS data  Convert from date/time to decimal hours start midnight 1/1/07 10:00:14 6/25/2007 4186.00 hrs 10:30:18 6/25/2007 4186.50 hrs begin end 10:13:28 6/25/2007 4186.22 hrs

10. Linear Referencing Time - people begin end 10:16:23 6/25/2007 4186.27 hrs 10:19:32 6/25/2007 4186.33 hrs 10:21:28 6/25/2007 4186.36 hrs end 10:18:48 6/25/2007 4186.31 hrs 10:13:28 6/25/2007 4186.22 hrs 10:18:48 6/25/2007 4186.31 hrs 5:20 0.09 hrs Bear crosses pointHikers cross pointTime difference

11. bears No intersection hikers How often do bear and hiker routes come close to each other without crossing? 3786.16 hrs 3786.21 hrs 3786.22 hrs 3786.28 hrs

12. Management questions Campsites: Do bears... go into occupied campsites? enter during the day or during the night?

13. Bears and campsites What is the timing?

14. Buffered campsite 500 m (sight) 100 m (noise) 50 m (core area) 10 m (campsite) Bear route with time Campsite buffer

15. Data clock chart Within 500 m Within 50 m Tracking Analyst display

16. Data viewBears Campers

17. Campsite “timelines” 6000 hours (250 days) People in camp (linear event along route) Bear in occupied camp (point event) Bear in camp (point event) 2000 Begin (3/25) 8000 End (11/30) timeline route for a campsite intersect

19. Comparing Campsites Bears early Bears late Bears all season Unpopular with bears and people

20. Comments, questions, ideas, and red flags are all welcome Ann_Rodman@nps.govTyler_Coleman@nps.gov