1. The following lecture has been approved for University Undergraduate Students This lecture may contain information, ideas, concepts and discursive anecdotes that may be thought provoking and challenging It is not intended for the content or delivery to cause offence Any issues raised in the lecture may require the viewer to engage in further thought, insight, reflection or critical evaluation

2. The Value of Psychology Dr. Craig Jackson Senior Lecturer in Health Psychology Faculty of Health BCUwww.health.bcu.ac.uk/craigjackson

3. CommunicationSad?Tired?

4. CommunicationHappy?Scary?

5. CommunicationSurprised? In love?

6. CommunicationAngry?Joking?

7. CommunicationLaughing?Frightened?

8. CommunicationGrumpy?Joking?

9. Health Promotion Changing previous / current behaviours & lifestyle Part of the nurses role is to promote awareness of healthier lifestyles as well as educate a patient (Whitehead, 2001) Self-esteem Self-efficacy I.e., (Bandura, 1989) Social Support Networks Associations (Behaviourist psychology) Modelling Quitting Smoking

10. Health Behaviour Models Samantha 44 years old Married 2 children Has received a letter inviting her to attend a mammography screening for breast cancer. What factors might contribute to her attending or not attending the proposed appointment?

11. Health Behaviour Models Internal Processes  “Do I notice internal changes?”  “Should I interpret them negatively?”  “Should I think they are important?” External processes  “Do I notice external sources?”  “What should I believe about it?”  “What should I do about it?” MENTAL SCHEMA Internal representation of the world (knowledge, attitudes, beliefs) What do we believe about health? What do we believe affects health?

12. OVER FOCUS ON SYMPTOMS ComparisonsAttributionsResponsesBlamePessimism Health Behaviour Models Selective Internal Attention Tedious & un-stimulating environment Tedious & un-stimulating environment Little communication Stressful environment Little communication Stressful environment Learned behaviours “Negative Affectivity” Learned behaviours “Negative Affectivity”

13. Health Behaviour Models Selective External Attention  Heightened concern about risk involuntary involuntary uncontrolled uncontrolled lack of information lack of information dreaded consequences dreaded consequences  Mistrust of government / industry  Attitudes about medicine  Political agenda  Legal agenda  Social and political climate  Media and pressure group activity OVER FOCUS ON SYMPTOMS ComparisonsAttributionsResponsesBlamePessimism

14. Stress

15. Changing Thoughts & Behaviour All behaviours are learned through associations Pavlov (1927) classical conditioning Skinner (1953) operant conditioning Beck (1967) “thoughts” have a big part to play in depression “All or nothing thinking” “Emotional reasoning” “Magnification and minimisation”

16. Changing Thoughts & Behaviour

18. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Help patients identify faulty thinking and changing this thinking to something that is more realistic Positive self-talk Active scheduling Practical Skills training : assertiveness, empowerment

19. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

20. Self-Awareness & Insight Important when aiming to be the best you can be within your role “Learn from your experiences” Reflection Using self-awareness can help improve performance Morrison and Burnard (1991) “unless we develop the skill of becoming self- aware, we may well lose the ability to be reflective. The very act of reflecting on who we are helps us to reflect, also, upon what we do…. To care for others we must know ourselves”.

21. Control & Power All strive for personal control Hospital environment results in lack of control Issues surrounding quality of life Rotter (1986) Internal versus external locus of control Enabling patients to do more for themselves, enhances self-esteem

22. Social Support Emotional support Esteem support Instrumental support Informational support Buffer stress and have a positive impact on health Macmillan Nurses PALS

23. Loss & Defence Mechanisms Freud (1935) defence mechanisms Denial Regression Projection Displacement Kubler Ross: loss and bereavement model Adjustment and acceptance Orgyle (2004) working “with”, rather than against defence mechanisms, when working with patients, when attempting to understand loss Payne and Walker (2004) short-term versus long term benefits.

24. Loss & Defence Mechanisms