1. Human Growth and Development
Chapter 8
Human Growth and Development

2. 8:1 Life Stages Development is the process of becoming fully grown
Health care workers need to be aware of the various stages and needs of the individual to provide quality health care
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3. Life Stages (continued)
Infancy: birth to 1 year
Early childhood: 1–6 years
Late childhood: 6–12 years
Adolescence: 12–20 years
Early adulthood: 20–40 years
Middle adulthood: 40–65 years
Late adulthood: 65 years and older

4. Growth and Development Types
Physical: body growth
Mental: mind development
Emotional: feelings
Social: interactions and relationships with others
Four types above occur in each stage

5. Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
Erik Erikson was a psychoanalyst
A basic conflict or need must be met in each stage

7. Infancy Age: birth to 1 year old Dramatic and rapid changes
Physical development
Mental development
Emotional development
Social development
Infants are dependent on others for all of their needs

8. Early Childhood Age: 1–6 years old Physical development
Mental development
Emotional development
Social development
The needs of early childhood include routine, order, and consistency

9. Late Childhood or Preadolescence
Age: 6–12 years old
Physical development
Mental development
Emotional development
Social development
Children in this age group need parental approval, reassurance, peer acceptance

10. Adolescence Age: 12–20 years old Physical development
Mental development
Emotional development
Social development
Adolescents need reassurance, support, and understanding

11. Eating Disorders
Often develop from an excessive concern for appearance
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia
More common in females
Usually, psychological or psychiatric intervention is needed to treat either of these conditions

12. Chemical Abuse
Use of alcohol or drugs with the development of a physical and/or mental dependence on the chemical
Can occur at any life stage, but frequently begins in adolescence
Can lead to physical and mental disorders and diseases
Treatment towards total rehabilitation

13. Reasons Chemicals Used
Trying to relieve stress or anxiety
Peer pressure
Escape from either emotional or psychological problems
Experimentation
Seeking “instant gratification”
Hereditary traits or cultural influences

14. Suicide One of the leading causes of death in adolescents
Permanent solution to temporary problem
Impulsive nature of adolescents
Most give warning signs
Call for attention
Prevention of suicide

15. Reasons for Suicide Depression Grief over a loss or love affair
Failure in school
Inability to meet expectations
Influence of suicidal friends or parents
Lack of self-esteem

16. Increased Risk of Suicide
Family history of suicide
A major loss or disappointment
Previous suicide attempts
Recent suicide of friends, family, or role models (heroes or idols)

17. Early Adulthood Age: 20–40 years old Physical development
Mental development
Emotional development
Social development

18. Middle Adulthood (Middle Age)
Age: 40–65 years of age
Physical development
Mental development
Emotional development
Social development

19. Late Adulthood Age: 65 years of age and older Physical development
Mental development
Emotional development
Social development
The elderly need a sense of belonging, self-esteem, financial security, social acceptance, and love

20. 8:2 Death and Dying Death is “the final stage of growth”
Experienced by everyone and no one escapes
Young people tend to ignore it and pretend it doesn’t exist
Usually it is the elderly, who have lost others, who begin to think about their own death

21. Terminal Illness Disease that cannot be cured and will result in death
People react in different ways
Some patients fear the unknown while others view death as a final peace

22. Research
Dr. Elizabeth Kübler-Ross was the leading expert in the field of death and dying and because of her research
Most medical personnel now believe patients should be informed of approaching death
Patients should be left with some hope and know they will not be left alone
Staff need to know extent of information known by patients
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23. Research (continued)
Dr. Kübler-Ross identified five stages of grieving
Dying patients and their families and friends may experience these stages
Stages may not occur in order
Some patients may not progress through them all, others may experience several stages at once

24. Stages of Death and Dying
Denial—refuses to believe
Anger—when no longer able to deny
Bargaining—accepts death, but wants more time
Depression—realizes death will come soon
Acceptance—understands and accepts the fact they are going to die

25. Caring for the Dying Patient
Very challenging, but rewarding work
Supportive care
Health care worker must have self-awareness
Common to want to avoid feelings by avoiding dying patient

26. Hospice Care Palliative care only Often in patient’s home
Philosophy: allow patient to die with dignity and comfort
Personal care
Volunteers
After death contact and services

27. Right to Die
Ethical issues must be addressed by the health care worker
Laws allowing “right to die”
Under these laws specific actions to end life cannot be taken
Dying Person’s Bill of Rights

28. Hospice encourages LIVE promise
Learn about end-of-life services and care
Implement plans or advanced directives to ensure wishes are honored
Voice decisions
Engage others in conversations about end-of-life decisions

29. 8:3 Human Needs Needs: lack of something that is required or desired
Needs exist from birth to death
Needs influence our behavior
Needs have a priority status

30. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

31. Altered Physiological Needs
Health care workers need to be aware of how illness interferes with meeting physiological needs
Surgery or laboratory testing
Anxiety
Medications
Loss of vision or hearing
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32. Altered Physiological Needs (continued)
Decreased sense of smell and taste
Deterioration of muscles and joints
Change in person’s behavior
What the health care worker can do to assist the patient with altered needs

33. Meeting Needs Motivation to act when needs felt
Sense of satisfaction when needs met
Sense of frustration when needs not met
Must prioritize when several needs are felt at the same time
Different needs can have different levels of intensity

34. Methods for Satisfying Needs
Direct methods
Hard work
Set realistic goals
Evaluate situation
Cooperate with others
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35. Methods for Satisfying Needs (continued)
Indirect methods
Defense mechanisms-unconscious act that helps a person deal with an unpleasant situation
Rationalization-use a reasonable excuse or acceptable explanation to avoid a situation
Projection-place the blame on someone or something else
Displacement-take out anger or frustration on someone else because you can’t take it out on the person who is responsible
Compensation-substitute one goal for another
Daydreaming –provides a means of escape, it can lead to goal setting and a course of action or can be used to escape reality if the thoughts satisfy the person

36. Methods for Satisfying Needs (continued)
Indirect methods (continued)
Repression-put painful situations into the subconscious
Suppression-aware
Denial
Withdrawal

37. Summary Be aware of own needs and patient’s needs
More efficient quality care can be provided when needs are recognized
Better understanding of our behavior and that of others