1. The Inside Story

2. Prokaryotic Cells No nucleus No membrane- covered organelles Circular DNA Bacteria Eukaryotic Cells Nucleus Membrane - covered organelles Linear DNA All other cells DNA Cells 2 Types of Cells

5.  1 of the 3 parts of the Cell Theory states that  All cells come from pre-existing cells  So just as large multicellular organisms like humans, dogs, and trees reproduce, your cells do as well

6.  It turns out that there is a lot more inside a cell than Robert Hooke or Anton von Leeuwenhoek probably would have guessed.  Everything, from the structures covering the cells to the structures inside, perform tasks to help keep the cells alive.  These structures are called organelles.

7.  All cells have outer coverings that separate what’s inside the cell from what is outside.  Cell Membrane  Covers all cells, both eukaryotic and prokaryotic  Duties include keeping cytoplasm inside  Allow nutrients in and waste products out  Also interacts with things outside the cell

8.  Cell Wall  Only found in plant and bacteria(prokaryotic) cells  Cell wall in plants is made of cellulose  Provides strength and support to the cell membrane  The strength of billions of cell walls in plants enables a tree to stand tall and its limbs to defy gravity

10.  Nucleus  Largest and most visible organelle  Covered by a membrane  Control center of cell  Stores the DNA  Nucleolus  Dark spot inside the nucleus  Stores the materials that will be used later to make ribosomes in the cytoplasm

11.  Ribosomes  Smallest but most abundant organelles  Their job is to hook together amino acids to make proteins  Found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells  Not covered by a membrane  All cells have ribosomes because all cells need protein to live.

13.  Endoplasmic Reticulum  Internal delivery system of a cell  Is divided into Smooth and Rough ER based on appearance and function  Rough ER  Ribosomes are attached making it look pebbled  Specializes in protein synthesis  Connected to nuclear membrane  Proteins synthesized by ribosomes collect in the ER for transport throughout the cell

14.  Smooth ER  Does not have ribosomes attached  Has different functions depending on the cell type  Can be responsible for lipid and hormone synthesis  Breaks down drugs and certain other chemicals that could damage the cell

17.  Mitochondria  Convert the chemical energy stored in food into ATP which is the molecular fuel that cells use to do work  Inner membrane of mitochondria that has many folds is where most of the ATP is made.  The reason you breathe air is so that mitochondria have the oxygen they need to make ATP  Highly active cells, like those in the liver and heart, may have thousands of mitochondria while other cells may have only a few.

19.  Chloroplasts  Additional kind of energy-converting organelle found in plants and algae  Contain flattened, membrane-covered sacs that look like stacks of coins which contain chlorophyll  Chlorophyll is what makes plants green and also traps the energy in sunlight which plants use to make sugar  The sugar that is produced is used by mitochondria to make ATP

21.  Golgi Apparatus  Looks like ER but is located closer to the cell membrane  Receives and modifies lipids and proteins sent from the ER  Final products are then enclosed in a piece of the Golgi’s membrane that pinches off to form small compartment  Compartment transports contents to other parts of cell or outside the cell

23.  Vacuoles  Very large in plant cells, much smaller in animal cells  Store water and other liquids  If full of water they help support the cell  Store the liquids that make roses red and violets blue  Contain the juices you associate with oranges and other fruits

25.  Vesicles  Some form when part of the membrane pinches off the ER or Golgi  Others are formed when part of the cell membrane surrounds an object outside the cell

26.  Lysosomes  Special vesicles in animal cells that contain enzymes that digest food particles and wastes  Destroy worn-out or damaged organelles  Get rid of waste materials and protect cell from foreign invaders  If lysosome membrane breaks, the enzymes spill out into the cytoplasm which kills the cell

31.  You are going to create a drawing of a eukaryotic cell.  However, instead of making it a realistic cell, your cell should be made of drawings of objects that represent the organelle’s job.  For example, the Golgi Apparatus, which transports materials, could be a bus or a car.