1. Sovereignty, State & Citizenship

2. Sovereignty: origins and evolution of concept Feudalism to Absolutism: origins of the modern state in Europe Bodin and Hobbes: the need for a ‘highest authority’; ‘Leviathan’ Personal sovereignty: ‘divine right of Kings’ Parliamentary sovereignty: England’s Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights (1688-89) Popular sovereignty: American (1776) and French (1789) Revolutions 19 th century: age of nationalism and the nation-state

3. Definition, Limits and Constraints Sovereignty: the right and capacity of a state to exercise control over a given territory and its population, free from interference by other states, as recognized by international law Limited sovereignty: constitutionalism Divided sovereignty: federalism Delegated sovereignty: ABCs (agencies, boards and commissions) Shared or constrained sovereignty: EU, NAFTA and ICJ

4. The State Three elements: territory, population and sovereignty Origins of the state: warfare, permanent agricultural settlement Definition: a sovereign authority exercising a monopoly over the legitimate use of force within a given territory The state is comprised of a complex of institutions: political executive, bureaucracy, legislature, court system, police and military. “Government” can be defined as the decision-making structures and processes of the state

5. Limited or Quasi-states United Nations includes approximately 200 states Some of these states have limited autonomy from outside control; others are limited in their internal control over territory and population Quasi-states or ‘statelets’ (Monaco and Andorra) States lacking international recognition (Taiwan) Failed states (Somalia, Libya) States-in-waiting or incipient states (Palestine, Kurdistan)

6. Citizenship Membership in the state Ancient forms of citizenship: Greek and Roman Modern citizenship: universal (inclusive) and equal From thin to thick citizenship: civil, political and social rights Canadian Citizenship Act (1946): from British subjects to Canadian citizens Criteria for citizenship status: jus soli (right of birth), jus sanguinis (right of blood), naturalization Differing approaches to citizenship: Canada and USA; Germany; Korea; Saudi Arabia