1. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 1 EET 422 EMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING

2. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 2

3. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 3 WHAT IS POWER QUALITY? any power source problem voltage current frequency deviation EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTION or DAMAGE

4. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 4 POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS PER IEC CONDUCTED low-frequency phenomena voltage fluctuations (flicker) voltage dips, interruptions, notches voltage imbalance (unbalance phases) power frequency variations induced low-frequency voltages DC in ac networks interharmonics HARMONICS

5. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 5

6. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 6 E M C

7. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 7

8. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 8

9. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 9 TYPICAL MAINS SOCKET ! V I FLAT TOPPED

10. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 10

11. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 11 HARMONIC SOURCES fluorescent lighting high performance air conditioning systems personal computers

12. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 12 HISTORICAL IEC 555-2 “Harmonic Injection into the AC mains” original IEC document covering power line harmonic distortion single-phase circuits up to 240 V rms, 50 Hz and 60 Hz three-phase circuits up to 415 V at both 50 Hz and 60 Hz limited to non-professional equipment

13. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 13 PROFESSIONAL ‘EQUIPMENT’

14. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 14 CENELC EN 60555-2 APRIL 1987

15. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 15 IEC 1000-3-2 MARCH 1995 update IEC 555-2: main difference – applicability prohibit power control systems that generate low-frequency harmonics applicable to ALL electrical and electronic equipment connected to the public low-voltage AC supply input current ≤ 16 A per phase additional limitations: harmonic absolute and % values

16. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 16 EN61000-3-2 SEPTEMBER 16 1995 ‘horizontal’ EMC standard regardless of equipment type harmonized to the EMC Directive (89/336/EMC) replaced EN 60555-2 from January 1 2001 some levels are dependant on input power rating absolute limits in respect of the harmonic currents sets some more practical rules provides a clearer definition of equipment classes

17. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 17 EQUIPMENT CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA USED number of pieces (volume) of equipment in use duration of use (hours in operation) simultaneity of use (used at the same time) power consumption input current waveform (Harmonic Spectrum)

18. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 18 EQUIPMENT CLASSIFICATION CLASS A  balanced three-phase equipment  household appliances, excluding equipment identified by Class D  tools, excluding portable tools  dimmers for incandescent lamps  audio equipment  everything else that is not classified as B, C or D CLASS B  portable tools  arc welding equipment (that is not professional equipment) CLASS C  lighting equipment ≥ 25 W CLASS D 75 W ≤ power level ≤ 600 W  personal computers  personal computer monitors  television receivers

19. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 19 PC monitor TV ≤ 600 W I phase ≤ 16 A P ≤ 75 W ex lighting portable tool lighting N sym 3-phase PN prof equip > 1000 W household equip CLASS A CLASS D CLASS C CLASS B NOT EN61000-3-2 dimmers ≥ 1000 W N Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y N Y Y N N N N N N

20. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 20 CLASS ACLASS BCLASS CCLASS D HARMONIC n ABSOLUTE LIMIT AMPERES ABSOLUTE LIMIT AMPERES ABSOLUTE LIMIT AMPERES % Fundamental PROPORTIONAL LIMITS mA/W ABSOLUTE LIMIT AMPERES 32.303.45 30 x (power factor) 3.42.3 51.141.71101.91.14 70.771.155710.77 90.400.650.50.4 110.330.49530.350.33 130.210.31530.21 n = 15 - 39 3 21.081.622 40.430.645 60.300.45 8 - 40

21. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 21 3 rd H 5 th H 7 th H 9 th H

22. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 22 11 th H 15 th H 13 th H 17 th H 19 th H

23. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 23 PARTIAL ODD HARMONIC LIMIT

24. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 24 CLASS A TEST (B C D different formulae) HARMONICLIMITMEASURED H21  calculate results H 39 100% limit < measured Harmonics < 150% limit APPLY POHC limit calculation measured calculation 1.5xLIMIT if 100% limit < measured Harmonics < 150% limit but measured calculation < limit calculation PASS = COMPLIANCE

25. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 25 CLASS A TEST HARMONICMEASURED H21  calculate results H 39 100% limit < measured Harmonics < 200% limit APPLY TRANSITORY LIMIT 2xLIMIT if 100% limit < measured Harmonic < 200% limit but for < 10% test time window HARMONIC COMPLIES

26. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 26 FUTURE Class E Professional IT equipment rated power >1000 W single phase > 3000 W three phase Class F Professional IT equipment rated power > 600 W single phase > 1800 W three phase

27. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 27 SUMMARY EN 6100-3-2 CLASS D definition 75 W ≤ P ≤ 600 WTV, PC, PC monitor measurement methodsonly transistory measurement window200 ms 10 /12 cycles @ 50 /60 Hz individual harmonics per ‘window’ result > 100% limit permitted if < 150 % for 10% of test time Class A relaxation< 200% of limit if > 150 % for 10% test and average < 90 % limit POHC (ODD Harmonics 21-39)100 % < H ave < 150 % Class C and Class D Limitsmanufacturer choice!

28. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 28 LINE IMPEDANCE LINENEUTRAL resistance reactanceresistancereactanceTOTAL impedance 11 0.24  j 0.15  (477.5 mH @ 50 Hz) 0.16  j 0.1  (318.3 mH @ 50 Hz) 0.4 + j 0.25 

29. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 29 TESTING SOURCE VOLTAGE rms230 V ± 2.0 % (± 4.6 V) VOLTAGE peak CREST FACTOR 1.4 V rms  1.42 V rms 1.4 ± 0.1 FREQUENCY50 Hz ± 0.5 % PHASE120 o ± 1.5 o

30. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 30 TESTING SOURCE VOLTAGE HARMONIC% FUNDAMENTAL 30.9 50.4 70.3 90.2 11 -  40 0.1 2 - 100.1 MAXIMUM DISTORTION PERMITTED

31. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 31 CURRENT MEASUREMENT

32. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 32 CURRENT MEASUREMENT

33. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 33 ISOLATING TRANSFORMER npnp nsns ANALYSER L N E EUT R m ≤ 0.1  R sec R prim R inst

34. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 34 IMPEDANCE MATCHING !

35. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 35 CURRENT SENSING SPLIT TOROID CURRENT CLAMP WIRE = 1 turn primary turns on toroid turns ratio

36. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 36 ISOLATING AMPLIFIER ≤ 0.1  ANALYSER L N E EUT isolating amplifier

37. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 37 ZERO THD DOES NOT MEAN UNITY POWER FACTOR UNITY POWER FACTOR MEANS ZERO DISTORTION

38. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 38 HARMONIC REDUCTION METHODS HARMONIC REDUCTION FILTERS PASSIVEACTIVELOAD PHASE STAGGERING DESIGN MULTI-PULSE RECTIFIERS PFC BOOST DC-DC PWM INVERTERS

39. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 39 V I V I V I

40. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 40 PASSIVE HARMONIC CURRENT REDUCTION ADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES simple and robust circuitry less costly than active PFC large and heavy low frequency magnetics not applicable for wide input range and higher powers especially phase NON sinusoidal input current

41. Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 41 ACTIVE HARMONIC CURRENT REDUCTION ADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES Extensive elimination of current harmonics PF  1 wide input voltage range  more costly than passive  increased components  effect on efficiency