1. By Isabel Stephan and Olga Erokhina
Thyroid disorders
By Isabel Stephan and Olga Erokhina

2. Causes Hyperthyroidism Grave's disease
Toxic adenoma, toxic multinodular goitre (Plummer's disease)
Thyroiditis → stored hormones released into blood stream (Postpartum thyroiditis)
Excess Iodine

3. Causes Hypothyroidism: Autoimmune diseases (Hashimoto's thyroiditis)
Iodine deficiency
Different treatments: thyroid surgery, radiation therapy against cancer, medications (e.g. lithium, amiodarone, interferons), treatment of hyperthyroidism
Congenital diseases
Euthyroid sick syndrome
Pituitary disorder
Thyroid hormone resistance

5. Symptoms

6. Goitre

7. Complications Heart problems Osteoporosis
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Heart problems
Osteoporosis
Thyrotoxic crisis (thyroid storm) : sudden worsening of symptoms → fever, delirium, fast/irregular heart beat
Myxedema: low blood pressure, decreased breathing/body temperature, coma
Heart problems
Peripheral neuropathy
Infertility
Birth defects → impaired physical and mental growth: Cretinism

8. Diagnosis TSH FREE T4 FREE OR TOTAL T3 PROBABLE INTERPRETATION High
Normal
Mild (subclinical) hypothyroidism
Low
Low or normal
Hypothyroidism
Mild (subclinical) hyperthyroidism
High or normal
Hyperthyroidism
Non-thyroidal illness; pituitary (secondary) hypothyroidism
Thyroid hormone resistance syndrome (a mutation in the thyroid hormone receptor decreases thyroid hormone function)

9. Epidemiology Iodine deficiency Iodine replete areas
Factors: mountains, soil, goitrogenic plants, selenium deficiency

10. Epidemiology
Autoimmune thyroid disease: same frequency in Caucasians, Hispanics, Asians lower African Americans
- All occur more frequently in women than in men
- Autoimmune in people aged years
- The frequency of goiters decrease with age
- Toxic multinodular goiters increase with age
- Down and Turner syndromes

11. Treatment Suppression of function Radioactive iodine
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Suppression of function
Radioactive iodine
Anti-thyroid medication (propylthiouracil and methimazole)
Beta blockers
Surgery and treatment with levothyroxine
Hormonal treatment - Levothyroxine (Levothroid, Synthroid, others)

12. Prevention No known way in developed countries
Iodine supplements in developing countries
Avoiding radiation, “thyroid shield”

14. Sources http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/121865-overview#a6
;year=2011;volume=15;issue=6;spage=82;epage=88;aulast=Ogbera
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