1. Within the same individual VARIATION IN DRUG RESONSIVNESS Between different individuals Decrease in drug effects. Development of side effects Decrease in drug effects. Development of side effects

2. TOLERANCE / DESENSITIZATION & ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS ilo s By the end of this lecture you will be able to :  Recognize patterns of adverse drug reactions (ADR)  Distinguish difference between tolerance and desensitization ( tachyphylaxis ) and reasons for their development By Prof. Omnia Nayel Assoc. Prof. Osama Yousif

3. TOLERANCE and DESENSITIZATION Phenomenon of variation in drug response, where by there is a gradual diminution of the response to the drug when given continuously or repeatedly

4. Rapid, in the course of few minutes Gradual in the course of few days to weeks TOLERANCETACHYPHYLAXIS / DESENSITIZATION DIMINUTION OF A RESPONSE Resistance Loss of effectiveness of antimicrobial agent These SHOULD BE DISTINGUISHED FROM

5. REASONS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF TOLERANCE PRE RECEPTOR EVENTS EVENTS AT RECEPTORS POST RECEPTOR EVENTS ↓ drug availability at the relevant receptors due to pharmaco- kinetic variables Drug becomes: > metabolized or excreted < absorbed altered distribution to tissues Nullification of drug response by a physiological adaptative homeostatic response Antihypertensive effects of ACE Is become nullified by activation of renin angiotensin system by NSAIDs Refractoriness LOSS OF THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY eg. Barbiturates  metabolism of Contraceptive pills =  it availability

6. Depletion of mediator stores by amphetamine REASONS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF TOLERANCE PRE RECEPTOR EVENTS EVENTS AT RECEPTORS POST RECEPTOR EVENTS DOWN REGULATION BINDING ALTERATION EXHUSTION OF MEDIATORS Phosphorylation of R i.e. ß-adrenoceptors → ↓ activation of AC to related ionic channel [functional defect] ↓ number of receptors. Isoprenaline activation to  receptors →↑ R recycling by endocytosis [structural defect] BINDING ALTERATION DOWN REGULATION

8. Harmful or seriously unpleasant effects occurring at doses intended for therapeutic effects.

9. AugmentedContinuous Delayed End-of-Use Occurs by sudden stop- page of chronic drug use due to existing adaptive changes Occurs consequent but in excess of drug primary pharmacological effect. Of quantitative nature Occurs different [heterogenous / idiosyncrotic ] to known drug pharmacological effect. Usually due to patient’s genetic defect or immunological response. Of qualitative nature PREDICTABLE Occurs during chronic drug administration Occurs after long period of time even after drug stoppage Bizzar Osteoporosis chronic corticosteroid intake UNPREDICTABLE Hemorrhage Warfarin Thrombocytopenia Quinidine.. Withdrawal syndrome Morphine -TERATOGENICITY  R etinoids - CARCINOGENICITY  tobacoo smoking

10. Type A Augmentation Type B Idiosyncrotic Pharmacological predictability YesNo Nature Quantitative [ extension of pharmacology effect ] Qualitative [ immune or genetic base] Dose dependent Yes (dose response relationship present) No (dose response relationship absent) Onset of symptoms Usually RapidUsually delayed Incidence and morbidity HighLow Mortality LowHigh Treatment Dose adjustment or Substitute by > selective + Antagonize unwanted effect of 1 st drug Stop drug + Symptomatic treatment Example Hemorrhage WarfarinThrombocytopenia Quinidine

11. DrugType A Type B Chlorpromazine Sedation Cholestatic jaundice Naproxen GIT haemorrhage Agranulocytosis Phenytoin Ataxia Hepatitis, lymphadenopathy Thiazides Hypokalaemia Thrombocytopenia Quinine Tinnitus Thrombocytopenia Warfarin Bleeding Breast necrosis Immunological Predisposition Genetics Variation / defect

12. Immunological Predisposition The drug or its bi-product [ protein macromolecules or haptens ] react as antigens and provoke immune response that results in damage to the tissue  Hypersensitivity Reaction 1 st exposure to a drug Repeated exposures HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION Sensitization IgE IgG T killer cells

13. 1 st exposure to a drug Repeated exposures HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION Sensitization TYPE I Anaphylaxsis TYPE III Immune complex TYPE IV Cell mediated TYPE II Cytotoxic If due to immunological response Release of mediators from mast cells or blood basophils Antibody- directed cell- mediated lysis Deposition of soluble antigen–antibody- complement complexes in small blood vessels Interaction release cytokines that attracts inflammatory cell infiltrate Haemolytic anaemia thrombocytopenia by Quinidine Serum sickness (fever arthritis enlarged lymph nodes, urticaria) by Sulphonamides, Contact dermatitis by local anaesthetics creams Urticaria rhinitis, bronchial asthma by Penicillin,

14. TOLERANCE / DESENSITIZATION & ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS