1. LING 581: Advanced Computational Linguistics Lecture Notes February 26th

2. Adminstrivia No lecture next week Consequence: – extra time to produce that computationally heavy duty graph … Reminder: – Resubmit EVALB results from section 23 on Bikel Collins

3. Homework from last time Question: – How much training data do you need? Homework: – How does Bikel Collins vary in precision and recall on test data if you randomly pick 1..24 out of 25 sections to do the training with? Test section: – I want you to pick a test section that’s not section 23 (because that one was used before) Use EVALB – plot precision and recall graphs

4. Sample submitted curves Recall/Precision (F) Amount of training data ➾

5. Today’s Topic WordNet 3.0 – (3.1 the latest version but only online or the database files only) – http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn – Homework: do the installations and use the programs in this lecture…

6. WordNet 3.0 http://wordnet.princeton.edu/

7. WordNet 3.0 Download: – http://wordnet.princeton.edu/wordnet/download/cur rent-version/

8. WordNet 3.0 Steps – Download.. from website – README Beginning with Version 2.1, we changed the Unix package to a GNU Autotools package. The WordNet browser makes use of the open source Tcl and Tk packages. Tcl and Tk must be installed BEFORE you compile WordNet. You must also have a C compiler before installing Tcl/Tk or WordNet. WordNet has been built and tested with the GNU gcc compiler. (Tcl = tool control language) (Tk = GUI toolkit

9. WordNet 3.0 Steps – GNU Autoconf – configure cd Downloads/WordNet-3.0./configure checking for gcc... gcc config.status: creating Makefile checking for Tcl configuration... configure: WARNING: Can't find Tcl configuration definitions – INSTALL If you're running OS X and installed the Aqua Tcl/Tk package from the web site above, use the following settings: --with- tcl=/System/Library/Frameworks/Tcl.framewor k --with- tk=/System/Library/Frameworks/Tk.framework./configure need to have Xcode installed on Mac make /usr/bin/make OSX 10.9

10. WordNet 3.0 Steps – GNU Autoconf./configure -with- tcl=/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOS X.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.9.sdk/System/Library/Frame works/Tcl.framework/ -with- tk=/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOS X.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.9.sdk/System/Library/Frame works/Tk.framework/ checking for gcc... gcc … checking for Tcl configuration... found /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.pl atform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.9.sdk/System/Library/Framewo rks/Tcl.framework/tclConfig.sh checking for Tk configuration... found /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.pl atform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.9.sdk/System/Library/Framewo rks/Tk.framework/tkConfig.sh checking for existence of /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.pl atform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.9.sdk/System/Library/Framewo rks/Tcl.framework/tclConfig.sh... loading checking for existence of /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.pl atform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.9.sdk/System/Library/Framewo rks/Tk.framework/tkConfig.sh... loading configure: creating./config.status config.status: creating Makefile

11. WordNet 3.0 Configure report: WordNet is now configured Installation directory: /usr/local/WordNet-3.0 To build and install WordNet: make make install To run, environment variables should be set as follows: PATH - include ${exec_prefix}/bin WNHOME - if not using default installation location, set to /usr/local/WordNet-3.0 See INSTALL file for details and additional environment variables which may need to be set on your system.

12. WordNet 3.0 GNU Autoconf make recall: from your EVALB compilation a.h file means a C compiler header file X11 is now under /opt/X11, include files are in /opt/X11/include recall: from your EVALB compilation a.h file means a C compiler header file X11 is now under /opt/X11, include files are in /opt/X11/include

13. WordNet 3.0 GNU Autoconf configure./configure -with- tcl=/System/Library/Frameworks/Tcl.framework/ -with- tk=/System/Library/Frameworks/Tk.framework/ CFLAGS=- I/opt/X11/include make gcc -I/opt/X11/include -o wishwn wishwn-tkAppInit.o wishwn-stubs.o -L../lib -lWN -F/System/Library/Frameworks - framework Tk -F/System/Library/Frameworks -framework Tcl -lpthread -framework CoreFoundation -framework Cocoa - framework Carbon -framework IOKit -lpthread -framework CoreFoundation

14. WordNet 3.0 GNU Autoconf sudo make install … Making install in src test -z "/usr/local/WordNet-3.0/bin" || /Users/sandiway/Downloads/WordNet-3.0/install-sh -d "/usr/local/WordNet- 3.0/bin" /usr/bin/install -c 'wn' '/usr/local/WordNet-3.0/bin/wn' /usr/bin/install -c 'wishwn' '/usr/local/WordNet-3.0/bin/wishwn' test -z "/usr/local/WordNet-3.0/bin" || /Users/sandiway/Downloads/WordNet-3.0/install-sh -d "/usr/local/WordNet- 3.0/bin" /usr/bin/install -c 'wnb' '/usr/local/WordNet-3.0/bin/wnb’ Running the WordNet browser: – /usr/local/WordNet-3.0/bin/wnb – /usr/local/WordNet-3.0/bin/wnb: line 3: wishwn: command not found

15. WordNet 3.0 PATH to wnb (WordNet browser) printenv PATH – /usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/opt/X11/b in export PATH=/usr/local/WordNet-3.0/bin:$PATH which wnb – /usr/local/WordNet-3.0/bin/wnb wnb

16. WordNet 3.0 requires platform packages that have gcc make configure TCL/TK requires platform packages that have gcc make configure TCL/TK

17. WordNet 3.1 vs 3.0

18. Perl Interface to WordNet 3.0 http://www.cpan.org/ look for WordNet QueryData

19. Perl Interface to WordNet 3.0 http://search.cpan.org/~jrennie/WordNet-QueryData-1.49/QueryData.pm

20. Perl Interface to WordNet 3.0

21. cd WordNet-QueryData-1.49 perl Makefile.PL – Checking if your kit is complete... – Looks good – Writing Makefile for WordNet::QueryData make cp QueryData.pm blib/lib/WordNet/QueryData.pm Manifying blib/man3/WordNet::QueryData.3pm

22. Perl Interface to WordNet 3.0 make test PERL_DL_NONLAZY=1 /usr/bin/perl "-Iblib/lib" "-Iblib/arch" test.pl ok 1 ok 2 ok 3 ok 4 ok 5 … ok 104 ok 105 ok 106 ok 107 ok 108 ok 109

23. Perl Interface to WordNet 3.0 sudo make install Password: Installing /Library/Perl/5.16/WordNet/QueryData.pm Installing /usr/local/share/man/man3/WordNet::QueryData.3pm Appending installation info to /Library/Perl/Updates/5.16.2/darwin- thread-multi-2level/perllocal.pod

24. Perl Interface to WordNet 3.0

25. perl wnqdata.perl print "Synset: ", join(", ", $wn->querySense("cat#n#7", "syns")), "\n"; Synset: big_cat#n#1, cat#n#7 print "Hyponyms: ", join(", ", $wn->querySense("cat#n#1", "hypo")), "\n"; Hyponyms: domestic_cat#n#1, wildcat#n#3 print "Parts of Speech: ", join(", ", $wn->querySense("run")), "\n"; Parts of Speech: run#n, run#v print "Senses: ", join(", ", $wn->querySense("run#v")), "\n";Senses: run#v#1, run#v#2, run#v#3, run#v#4, run#v#5, run#v#6, run#v#7, run#v#8, run#v#9, run#v#10, run#v#11, run#v#12, run#v#13, run#v#14, run#v#15, run#v#16, run#v#17, run#v#18, run#v#19, run#v#20, run#v#21, run#v#22, run#v#23, run#v#24, run#v#25, run#v#26, run#v#27, run#v#28, run#v#29, run#v#30, run#v#31, run#v#32, run#v#33, run#v#34, run#v#35, run#v#36, run#v#37, run#v#38, run#v#39, run#v#40, run#v#41

26. Perl Interface to WordNet 3.0 perl wnqdata.perl print "Forms: ", join(", ", $wn->validForms("lay down#v")), "\n"; Forms: lay_down#v, lie_down#v print "Noun count: ", scalar($wn->listAllWords("noun")), "\n"; Noun count: 117798 print "Antonyms: ", join(", ", $wn->queryWord("dark#n#1", "ants")), "\n"; Antonyms: light#n#9

27. wnb WordNet browser: code written in tcl/tk, runs under wish code written in tcl/tk, runs under wish

28. wnb Setup: – export PATH=/usr/local/WordNet- 3.0/bin:$PATH – wnb – Options: see sense numbers (we’ll need these later)

29. wnb Hypernums (going up the hierarchy):

30. wnb Hyponums (going down the hierarchy):

31. wnb Holonyms (part-of hierarchy):

32. wnb Meronyms (has parts, plus inherited):

33. wnb Meronyms (has parts, plus inherited):

34. wnb Derivationally related (different part-of-speech):

35. wnb Domain:

36. wnb Verbs

37. wnb Coordinate terms (up 1, down 1)

38. wnb Troponyms (ways to):

39. wnb Derivationally related to (parts of speech):

40. wnb Adjective

41. wnb Antonyms:

42. wnb Value of: Related to:

43. wnb Pertains to: axial abaxial (relevant to FNA project) in old WordNet version (1.7.1) abaxial see also axial no connection here… as we’ll see

44. Programmed Search using Perl Module Query Data

45. perldoc WordNet::QueryData Start up 1.use WordNet::QueryData; 2.my $wn = WordNet::QueryData->new( noload => 1); 3.noload => 0 (caches indexes in computer memory, slower startup, faster lookup time)

46. perldoc WordNet::QueryData querySense, queryWord – 1 st argument (1) word returns list of word#pos Example: $wn-­ ‐ >querySense("run") Answer: run#n, run#v (2) word#pos returns list of word#pos#sense Example: $wn-­ ‐ >querySense("run#v") Answer: run#v#1, run#v#2, run#v#3, run#v#4, run#v#5, run#v#6, run#v#7, run#v#8, run#v#9, run#v#10, run#v#11, run#v#12, run#v#13, run#v#14, run#v#15, run#v#16, run#v#17, run#v#18, run#v#19, run#v#20, run#v#21, run#v#22, run#v#23, run#v#24, run#v#25, run#v#26, run#v#27, run#v#28, run#v#29, run#v#30, run#v#31, run#v#32, run#v#33, run#v#34, run#v#35, run#v#36, run#v#37, run#v#38, run#v#39, run#v#40, run#v#41 (3) word#pos#sense + 2 nd argument: a relation

47. perldoc WordNet::QueryData querySense, queryWord – 1 st argument (3) word#pos#sense + 2 nd argument: a relation returns list of word#pos#sense Example: $wn-->querySense("cat#n#1", "hypo") Answer: domestic_cat#n#1, wildcat#n#3

48. perldoc WordNet::QueryData To find other members of the synsets: perl cat.perl domestic_cat#n#1 house_cat#n#1 Felis_domesticus#n#1 Felis_catus#n#1 wildcat#n#3

49. perldoc WordNet::QueryData Possible relations for queryWord: 1.“also” - also see 2.“ants” – antonyms 3.“deri” - derived forms (nouns and verbs only) 4.“part” - participle of verb (adjectives only) 5.“pert” - pertainym (pertains to noun) (adjectives only) 6.“vgrp” - verb group (verbs only)

50. perldoc WordNet::QueryData Possible relations for querySense: – also - also see – glos - word definition – syns - synset words – hype – hypernyms – inst - instance of – hypes - hypernyms and "instance of” – hypo – hyponyms – hasi - has instance – hypos - hyponums and "has instance” – mmem - member meronyms – msub - substance meronyms – mprt - part meronyms – mero - all meronyms – hmem - member holonyms – hsub - substance holonyms – hprt - part holonyms – holo - all holonyms – attr - attributes (?) – sim - similar to (adjectives only) – enta - entailment (verbs only) – caus - cause (verbs only) – domn - domain – all – dmnc - domain – category – dmnu - domain – usage – dmnr - domain – region – domt - member of domain - all (nouns only) – dmtc - member of domain - category (nouns only) – dmtu - member of domain - usage (nouns only) – dmtr - member of domain - region (nouns only)

51. perldoc WordNet::QueryData validForms: 1 argument word or word#pos – It returns a list of all alternate forms (alternate spellings, conjugations, plural/singular forms, etc.). perl validforms.perl go#v Note: in documentation “lay down#v” returns lay_down#v, lie_down#v “bank” returns bank#n bank#v

52. perldoc WordNet::QueryData level: one argument word#pos#sense 1. 3. 7. 8. 13.

53. wnb (WordNet browser) Exercise: – find the relationship between minibike and convertible

54. Programmed search We can write a program to find the minimum distance between word senses: bfs.perl (on website)

55. Programmed search mark is used to count the depth of breadth-first search hash %seen holds already visited nodes so we don’t loop semantic distance = depth of breadth-first search when $end is matched

56. Programmed search Example Synset: minibike#n#1 motorbike#n#1 Example Synset: minibike#n#1 motorbike#n#1

57. Programmed search get node to expand bookkeeping for depth of search record node as seen Recall array: end (push/pop), beginning (shift/unshift)

58. Programmed search node is related to newnode via rel increment node count if $end is found, jump out of nested loop up to scope FOUND if we haven’t seen newnode before, queue it for later expansion

59. Programmed search only two ways to get to the end of the program, either we found our target node $end or $n is no longer < $max

60. Programmed search Exercise revisited: – find the relationship between minibike and convertible perl bfs.perl minibike#n#1 convertible#n#1 – Found at distance 4 (74 nodes explored) perl bfs.perl convertible#n#1 car#n#1 – Found at distance 1 (1 nodes explored) Note: perl bfs.perl convertible#n#1 minibike#n#1 – Found at distance 4 (255 nodes explored) Semantic relatedness can we compare concept distances?

61. Programmed search A more informative search – we can modify the program to make each node keep a path, i.e. history, of the relations and nodes – website: bfs2.perl (quick and dirty implementation) example: – perl bfs2.perl minibike#n#1 convertible#n#1 – Found at distance 4 (74 nodes explored) – convertible#n#1 hypo car#n#1 hypo motor_vehicle#n#1 hype motorcycle#n#1 hype minibike#n#1

62. Programmed search Code changes: (uses Perl references to implement each node becoming a list itself) – my @queue = ([$start], ['mark']); square brackets builds a reference to a list containing $start, another for ‘mark’ picks out first element of the list

63. Programmed search Code changes (main loop): puts $newnode $rel onto front of the list referenced by $node_ref same thing here except it makes a fresh copy of the list called @new (not the most space-efficient implementation… but simple)

64. Programmed search Code changes (print out at the end): because we’ve been adding relations and new nodes @{$node_ref} is a list that contains the entire history of how we got there

65. Programmed search Other examples: perl bfs2.perl minibike#n#1 roof#n#1 – Found at distance 5 (509 nodes explored) – roof#n#1 hype sunroof#n#1 mero car#n#1 hypo motor_vehicle#n#1 hype motorcycle#n#1 hype minibike#n#1 perl bfs2.perl convertible#n#1 roof#n#1 – Found at distance 3 (222 nodes explored) – roof#n#1 hype sunroof#n#1 mero car#n#1 hype convertible#n#1

66. Programmed search Not everything seems related: (even when search limit is upped to 80000) – perl bfs.perl chair#n#1 table#n#1 – Not found (distance 8 and 80008 nodes explored) – perl bfs.perl table#n#1 chair#n#1 – Not found (distance 9 and 80215 nodes explored) perl bfs.perl table#n#1 chair#n#1 Found at distance 9 (140548 nodes explored) perl bfs2.perl table#n#1 chair#n#1 Found at distance 9 (140548 nodes explored) chair#n#1 hypo seat#n#3 holo upholstery#n#1 hypo covering#n#2 hypo artifact#n#1 hype decoration#n#1 hype flower_arrangement#n#1 hypo arrangement#n#2 hype array#n#1 hype table#n#1 does the long chain still have meaning?

67. Programmed search So far.. – explored used querySense with relations hypo/hype/mero/holo More complete search – add more relations and queryWord – Website: bfs3.perl

68. Programmed search Example: axial/abaxial revisited… – surely should be related through noun axis… But perl bfs3.perl abaxial#a#1 axial#a#3 500000 Max set to: 500000 Not found (distance 3 and 500029 nodes explored) perl bfs3.perl axial#a#1 abaxial#a#1 500000 Max set to: 500000 Not found (distance 9 and 500002 nodes explored)

69. Programmed search Example: – John mended the torn dress – what can be deduced about the state of the world (situation) after the event of “mending”? – find the semantic relationship between mend and tear bfs3.perl mend#v#1 tear#v#1 Found at distance 6 (58492 nodes explored) tear#v#1 hypo separate#v#2 hype break_up#v#10 also break#v#4 ants repair#v#1 hypo better#v#2 hype mend#v#1 perl bfs3.perl tear#v#1 mend#v#1 Found at distance 6 (33606 nodes explored) mend#v#1 deri mender#n#1 hypo skilled_worker#n#1 hype cutter#n#3 deri cut#v#1 hypo separate#v#2 hype tear#v#1

70. Programmed search Find all minimal length solutions. Website: bfs4.perl Example: perl bfs4.perl mend#v#1 tear#v#1 Found at distance 6 (58492 nodes explored) tear#v#1 hypo separate#v#2 hype break_up#v#10 also break#v#4 ants repair#v#1 hypo better#v#2 hype mend#v#1 Found at distance 6 (58552 nodes explored) rupture#v#1 deri rupture#n#3 hypo breakage#n#3 deri break#v#4 ants repair#v#1 hypo better#v#2 hype mend#v#1 Found at distance 6 (67147 nodes explored) tear#v#1 hypo separate#v#2 hype break_up#v#10 also break#v#4 ants repair#v#1 hype tinker#v#3 hypo mend#v#1 Found at distance 6 (67207 nodes explored) rupture#v#1 deri rupture#n#3 hypo breakage#n#3 deri break#v#4 ants repair#v#1 hype tinker#v#3 hypo mend#v#1

71. Programmed search Found at distance 6 (67429 nodes explored) tear#v#1 hypo separate#v#2 hype break_up#v#10 also break#v#4 ants repair#v#1 hype fill#v#9 hypo mend#v#1 Found at distance 6 (67489 nodes explored) rupture#v#1 deri rupture#n#3 hypo breakage#n#3 deri break#v#4 ants repair#v#1 hype fill#v#9 hypo mend#v#1 Found at distance 6 (71190 nodes explored) tear#v#1 hypo separate#v#2 hype break_up#v#10 also break#v#4 ants repair#v#1 hype piece#v#5 hypo mend#v#1 Found at distance 6 (71250 nodes explored) rupture#v#1 deri rupture#n#3 hypo breakage#n#3 deri break#v#4 ants repair#v#1 hype piece#v#5 hypo mend#v#1 Found at distance 6 (74452 nodes explored) tear#v#1 hypo separate#v#2 hype break_up#v#10 also break#v#4 ants repair#v#1 hype cobble#v#2 hypo mend#v#1

72. Programmed search Found at distance 6 (74512 nodes explored) rupture#v#1 deri rupture#n#3 hypo breakage#n#3 deri break#v#4 ants repair#v#1 hype cobble#v#2 hypo mend#v#1 Found at distance 6 (75039 nodes explored) tear#v#1 hypo separate#v#2 hype break_up#v#10 also break#v#4 ants repair#v#1 hype point#v#14 hypo mend#v#1 Found at distance 6 (75099 nodes explored) rupture#v#1 deri rupture#n#3 hypo breakage#n#3 deri break#v#4 ants repair#v#1 hype point#v#14 hypo mend#v#1 Found at distance 6 (75321 nodes explored) tear#v#1 hypo separate#v#2 hype break_up#v#10 also break#v#4 ants repair#v#1 hype trouble-shoot#v#1 hypo mend#v#1 Found at distance 6 (75381 nodes explored) rupture#v#1 deri rupture#n#3 hypo breakage#n#3 deri break#v#4 ants repair#v#1 hype trouble-shoot#v#1 hypo mend#v#1

73. Programmed search Found at distance 6 (75603 nodes explored) tear#v#1 hypo separate#v#2 hype break_up#v#10 also break#v#4 ants repair#v#1 hype patch#v#3 hypo mend#v#1 Found at distance 6 (75663 nodes explored) rupture#v#1 deri rupture#n#3 hypo breakage#n#3 deri break#v#4 ants repair#v#1 hype patch#v#3 hypo mend#v#1 Found at distance 6 (76859 nodes explored) tear#v#1 hypo separate#v#2 hype break_up#v#10 also break#v#4 ants repair#v#1 hype sole#v#1 hypo mend#v#1 Found at distance 6 (76919 nodes explored) rupture#v#1 deri rupture#n#3 hypo breakage#n#3 deri break#v#4 ants repair#v#1 hype sole#v#1 hypo mend#v#1 Found at distance 6 (78287 nodes explored) tear#v#1 hypo separate#v#2 hype break_up#v#10 also break#v#4 ants repair#v#1 hype vamp#v#4 hypo mend#v#1 Found at distance 6 (78347 nodes explored) rupture#v#1 deri rupture#n#3 hypo breakage#n#3 deri break#v#4 ants repair#v#1 hype vamp#v#4 hypo mend#v#1

74. Programmed search Found at distance 6 (78722 nodes explored) tear#v#1 hypo separate#v#2 hype break_up#v#10 also break#v#4 ants repair#v#1 hype heel#v#5 hypo mend#v#1 Found at distance 6 (78782 nodes explored) rupture#v#1 deri rupture#n#3 hypo breakage#n#3 deri break#v#4 ants repair#v#1 hype heel#v#5 hypo mend#v#1 Found at distance 6 (79004 nodes explored) tear#v#1 hypo separate#v#2 hype break_up#v#10 also break#v#4 ants repair#v#1 hype darn#v#1 hypo mend#v#1 Found at distance 6 (79064 nodes explored) rupture#v#1 deri rupture#n#3 hypo breakage#n#3 deri break#v#4 ants repair#v#1 hype darn#v#1 hypo mend#v#1 Found at distance 6 (86457 nodes explored) tear#v#1 hypo separate#v#2 hype cut#v#1 deri cutter#n#3 hypo skilled_worker#n#1 hype mender#n#1 deri mend#v#1 All minimal solutions found