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 Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities  Classification is also known as taxonomy  Taxonomists.

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Presentation on theme: " Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities  Classification is also known as taxonomy  Taxonomists."— Presentation transcript:

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2  Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities  Classification is also known as taxonomy  Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms

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4 1. Binomial nomenclature 2. Taxon Groups (hierarchal system of classifying organisms) 3. Phylogony & Cladistics (classifying based on evolutionary histories of animals)

5 Why classify? 1. Single, universal name 2. Avoid confusion (be on same page) 3. Understand how living things are related to one another

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8 System of scientific naming using Latin (dead language of scholars) Developed by Carolus Linnaeus (“Father of Taxonomy 1750s) Two word scientific name consists of Genus and species Genus name capitalized, species name not Must be underlined when written or printed in italics ex. Ursus maritimus or Ursus maritimus

9 Which TWO are more closely related?

10 E.g. What are the FIVE common names of this animal?

11 1. Mountain Lion 2. Cougar 3. Puma 4. (Florida) Panther 5. Catamount Rocky Mountain resident Florida resident

12 It would be very confusing for scientists if we didn’t have a scientific name to research and talk about the animal. Felis concolor = scientific name of the mountain lion Genusspecies

13 Homo sapiens (wise man) 1. Scientific name for human beings 2. Homo = genus (capitalized & underlined) 3. sapiens = species (underlined, but NOT capitalized)

14 Used to identify organisms Used to identify organisms Characteristics given in pairs Characteristics given in pairs Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism copyright cmassengale14

15  1a Tentacles present – Go to 2  1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3  2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus  2b More than 8 tentacles – 3  3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4  3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone  4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish  4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5 copyright cmassengale15

16 Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species

17 17 Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species BROADEST TAXON Kingdom is least specific, largest group Species is most specific, contains only one kind of organism

18  King  Phillip ....  Came  Over  For  Grape  Soda! 18

19 Kingdom (kings)(King Phylum (play)(Phillip) Class (chess)(Came) Order (on)(Over) Family (fine)(For) Genus (green)(Grape) Species (silk)(Soda)

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21 6 kingdoms to which all living things must be classified into based on cell type

22 Unicellular Prokaryotic 1. Archaebacteria –ancient bacteria 2. Eubacteria – most bacteria Eukaryotic 3. Protista – single-celled organisms Multicellular 4. Fungi – e.g. mushrooms 5. Plantae - plants 6. Animalia - animals

23 Probably the 1 st cells to evolve Live in HARSH environments Found in: – Sewage Treatment Plants – Thermal or Volcanic Vents – Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid – Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) copyright cmassengale23

24 copyright cmassengale24 ARCHAEAN

25 Some may cause DISEASE Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones Important decomposers for environment Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc. copyright cmassengale25

26 copyright cmassengale26 Live in the intestines of animals

27 Protista (protozoans, algae…) Protista (protozoans, algae…) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Plantae (multicellular plants) Plantae (multicellular plants) Animalia (multicellular animals) Animalia (multicellular animals)  copyright cmassengale27

28 Most are unicellular Most are unicellular Some are multicellular Some are multicellular Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Aquatic Aquatic copyright cmassengale28

29 Multicellular, except yeast Multicellular, except yeast Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitin Cell walls made of chitin copyright cmassengale29

30 Multicellular Multicellular Autotrophic Autotrophic Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Cell walls made of cellulose Cell walls made of cellulose copyright cmassengale30

31 Multicellular Multicellular Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animals Feed on plants or animals 31

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34 Most genera contain a number of similar species Most genera contain a number of similar species Bluegill Green Sunfish Bluegill Green Sunfish Lepomis macrochirus Lepomis cyanellus evolutionary relationships Classification is based on evolutionary relationships

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36 Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Similar embryo development Similar embryo development Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins

37 copyright cmassengale37 Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals.

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40  Means of organizing species based on common relationships : Family tree that shows evolutionary relationships that are thought to exist among organisms. Based on embryological development, chromosome similarity, biochemical and morphological similarities, and gene sequence data

41 Cladistics : Type of phylogenetic classification that establishes evolutionary relationships based on derived characters.  Derived characters: Features that evolved only within the group being examined  Ex: Feathers on birds The more features organisms have in common, the closer the relatedness of the organisms in evolutionary history

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43 Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales

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47 Geologic Time Scale

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