1. AFRICA

2. Did You Know? 2 nd largest continent in the world One-fifth of Earth’s land surface Earliest evidence of human beings

3. Africa’s Geography

8. Discussion #1 Have you ever had to move or did someone close to you move? Have you ever had to move or did someone close to you move? Why did you/they move? Why did you/they move?

9. People on the Move

10. Migration: A permanent move from one country or region to another Migration: A permanent move from one country or region to another Causes of migration: Causes of migration: Push-pull factors: push people out of an area or pull them into an area Push-pull factors: push people out of an area or pull them into an area What are some examples of PUSH factors?What are some examples of PUSH factors? What are some examples of PULL factors?What are some examples of PULL factors? People on the Move People on the Move

11. Experts can trace migrations over time by studying the spread of languages Experts can trace migrations over time by studying the spread of languages Most languages in Africa can be traced back to one parent-language: Bantu Most languages in Africa can be traced back to one parent-language: Bantu Bantu-speaking Africans moved south & east out of Nigeria from 3000BC- 1100AD Bantu-speaking Africans moved south & east out of Nigeria from 3000BC- 1100AD Spread their language and culture Spread their language and culture People on the Move People on the Move

12. Experts can trace migrations over time by studying the spread of languages Experts can trace migrations over time by studying the spread of languages Most languages in Africa can be traced back to one parent-language: Bantu Most languages in Africa can be traced back to one parent-language: Bantu People on the Move People on the Move

13. Reasons for migration: Reasons for migration: Slash and burn farming Slash and burn farming Overpopulation and search for more land Overpopulation and search for more land People on the Move People on the Move

14. Discussion #2 Do you have a friend you spend a lot of time with? Do you have a friend you spend a lot of time with? What tends to happen when you start hanging around the same person for a long time? What tends to happen when you start hanging around the same person for a long time?

15. Africa: The Influence of Trade

16. Located on Red Sea in present day Ethiopia Located on Red Sea in present day Ethiopia Through trade (ivory!) Aksum (350AD) absorbed many elements of Roman culture, including Christianity Through trade (ivory!) Aksum (350AD) absorbed many elements of Roman culture, including Christianity East Africa: Early Kingdom of Aksum East Africa: Early Kingdom of Aksum

17. East Africa: Coastal Trade Cities Bantu-speaking people established coastal villagesBantu-speaking people established coastal villages Muslim and Persian traders settled in port cities around 639ADMuslim and Persian traders settled in port cities around 639AD Swahili was formed: blended language of Bantu and ArabicSwahili was formed: blended language of Bantu and Arabic Blending of religions of Christianity, Islam and traditional beliefsBlending of religions of Christianity, Islam and traditional beliefs

18. East Africa: Coastal Trade Cities

19. Coastal Trade Cities & Slave Trade Swahili cities became wealthy through trade (gold, ivory, etc)Swahili cities became wealthy through trade (gold, ivory, etc) By 1300, more than 35 trading citiesBy 1300, more than 35 trading cities

20. Coastal Trade Cities & Slave Trade Muslim traders sent African slaves to the Middle East, India, ChinaMuslim traders sent African slaves to the Middle East, India, China Numbers of traded slaves remain small (about 1,000 a year) until the 1700s, when Europeans start buying slaves for colonial plantationsNumbers of traded slaves remain small (about 1,000 a year) until the 1700s, when Europeans start buying slaves for colonial plantations

21. Discussion #3 Have you ever traded with someone for something? What factors are necessary for a mutually successful trade? Have you ever traded with someone for something? What factors are necessary for a mutually successful trade? How do scarcity and abundance affect trade? How do scarcity and abundance affect trade?

22. 1.Ghana 2.Mali 3.Songhai West Africa: The Gold-Salt Kingdoms

23. All 3 kingdoms controlled the GOLD-SALT trade at some point in time All 3 kingdoms controlled the GOLD-SALT trade at some point in time Occurred in west Africa near the northern part of the Niger River Occurred in west Africa near the northern part of the Niger River The Gold-Salt Trade

24. Although rich in gold, West Africa’s savanna & rain forests LACKED salt Although rich in gold, West Africa’s savanna & rain forests LACKED salt Fortunately, the Sahara Desert contained large deposits of salt Fortunately, the Sahara Desert contained large deposits of salt The Gold-Salt Trade

25. Arab traders crossed the Sahara with SALT, cloth & manufactured goods Arab traders crossed the Sahara with SALT, cloth & manufactured goods West African traders collected gold from the forested regions West African traders collected gold from the forested regions The Gold-Salt Trade

26. Met in trading cities where they would exchange goods Met in trading cities where they would exchange goods

27. Did You Know? Arab traders from North Africa learned how to cross the Sahara Desert with the help of the camel… Could cover as much as 60 miles a dayCould cover as much as 60 miles a day Could travel more than 10 days without water (twice as long as most pack animals)Could travel more than 10 days without water (twice as long as most pack animals)

28. (AD 500 to 1200) Ghana: The Trading Kingdom

29. Ghana’s Wealth: Ghana’s Wealth: Ghana grew rich by taxing trade that crossed through the kingdom Ghana grew rich by taxing trade that crossed through the kingdom Ghana’s wealth enabled the kingdom to build a large army & conquer neighboring regions Ghana’s wealth enabled the kingdom to build a large army & conquer neighboring regions

30. Ghana: The Trading Kingdom The king acted as a religious leader, chief, judge, & military commander The king acted as a religious leader, chief, judge, & military commander Only the king could own gold nuggets – WHY?Only the king could own gold nuggets – WHY?

31. As a result of the trade, Ghana’s rulers converted to Islam and helped spread the religion As a result of the trade, Ghana’s rulers converted to Islam and helped spread the religion Ghana: The Trading Kingdom

32. Ghana’s Decline: Ghana’s Decline: War with a nearby kingdom weakened Ghana’s empire War with a nearby kingdom weakened Ghana’s empire Led to internal division & eventual decline… Led to internal division & eventual decline… Ghana: The Trading Kingdom

33. The Kingdom of Mali (AD 1235 to 1400) (AD 1235 to 1400) After Ghana’s decline, no single kingdom controlled the Gold-Salt TradeAfter Ghana’s decline, no single kingdom controlled the Gold-Salt Trade Consequently the Gold-Salt Trade experienced a declineConsequently the Gold-Salt Trade experienced a decline

34. In 1235 Mali rose to power on the same territory In 1235 Mali rose to power on the same territory Quickly expanded to the Atlantic Ocean under the rule of Sundiata Quickly expanded to the Atlantic Ocean under the rule of Sundiata Gained control of the Gold-Salt Trade Gained control of the Gold-Salt Trade The Rise of Mali

35. Discussion #4 What can you infer about the man in this picture? What can you infer about the man in this picture?

36. The Kingdom of Mali Mansa Musa is the most famous African ruler Mansa Musa is the most famous African ruler Skilled military leader who expanded the empire Skilled military leader who expanded the empire Under his reign Mali became very wealthy from Gold-Salt Trade Under his reign Mali became very wealthy from Gold-Salt Trade

37. Mansa Musa & Religion: Mansa Musa & Religion: Was a devout Muslim Was a devout Muslim In 1324 went on a hajj to Mecca In 1324 went on a hajj to Mecca Led to MANY changes in Mali…Led to MANY changes in Mali… The Kingdom of Mali

38. Mansa Musa built mosques, schools & libraries where people could study Islam Mansa Musa built mosques, schools & libraries where people could study Islam As a result Timbuktu, the capital city, became a cultural center for Islam As a result Timbuktu, the capital city, became a cultural center for Islam The Kingdom of Mali

39. Mali’s Decline: Mali’s Decline: Weak rulers after Mansa Musa Weak rulers after Mansa Musa (Internal & external problems)(Internal & external problems) Declines & people begin to break away… Declines & people begin to break away… The Kingdom of Mali

40. The Kingdom of Songhai (1450 to 1600) (1450 to 1600) Mali declines in the 1400s & the Songhai set up an empire Mali declines in the 1400s & the Songhai set up an empire

41. Sunni Ali: Sunni Ali: Muslim ruler who expanded the empire by military conquest Muslim ruler who expanded the empire by military conquest Built a professional army Built a professional army Conquered the city of Timbuktu Conquered the city of Timbuktu The Kingdom of Songhai

42. After Sunni Ali’s death, his son took over but faced a revolt by Muslims who thought he didn’t practice their religion faithfullyAfter Sunni Ali’s death, his son took over but faced a revolt by Muslims who thought he didn’t practice their religion faithfully Askia Muhammad took control Askia Muhammad took control Created a well-organized empire, with an efficient system of government Created a well-organized empire, with an efficient system of government Laws were based on the Koran Laws were based on the Koran

43. The Kingdom of Songhai Empire was full of wealth & learning but lacked modern weapons leading to its collapse Empire was full of wealth & learning but lacked modern weapons leading to its collapse 1591, a Moroccan fighting force of several thousand men equipped with gunpowder & cannons crossed the Sahara and invaded Songhai1591, a Moroccan fighting force of several thousand men equipped with gunpowder & cannons crossed the Sahara and invaded Songhai

44. Discussion #5 Conclude: Describe 3 factors that influenced the development of early African societies Conclude: Describe 3 factors that influenced the development of early African societies