1. Chapter 4 Grouping Objects

2. Flexible Sized Collections  When writing a program, we often need to be able to group objects into collections  It is typical that the number of items to be stored will vary over time  We could create a class with a lot of fixed fields, but in general this will not work

3. Personal Notebook Example  We will model a personal notebook  Allow notes to be stored  No limit to the number of notes stored  Show individual notes  Tells how many notes are stored

4. Library Classes  One feature of OO languages, is the accompanying class libraries  Library typically contain hundreds or thousands of different classes  Java calls these libraries packages  We use library classes exactly the same way we would our own classes  Instances are constructed using new, and the classes have fields, constructors and methods

5. Actual Code  Let’s look at the Notebook class code.  Notebook Project Notebook Project Notebook Project  The very first line shows how we access the package, using an import statement  import java.util.ArrayList;  Import statements must always be placed before class definitions in a file.  Once a class name has been imported, we can use that class as if it were our own.

6. Object Structures with Collections  There are at least three important features  It is able to increase its internal capacity as required: as more items are added, it simply makes enough room for them.  It keeps its own private count of how many items it is currently storing. Its size method returns the number of objects currently stored  It maintains the order of items you insert into it. You can later retrieve them in the same order.

7. Numbering within Collections  It is necessary to use values starting at zero.  Items are stored in the ArrayList starting a number position zero  The position is known as the index  First is given index 0, the next is index 1, …  It is a common mistake to try to access a collection outside the valid indices.

8. Removing Elements  When a user wants to remove an note, we can invoke the remove method of the notebook object  One complication of the removal process is that it can change the index values at which notes are stored  If a note with a low index value is removed, then the collection moves all notes forward to fill the hole.  Furthermore, it is possible to insert into other than at the end.

9. Processing a whole collection  It would be useful to list all the notes in the notebook it find where all of them are  We have the need to do something several times, but the number of times depends upon circumstances that vary.  The solution is the while loop; one of Java’s loop statements

10. The while loop  A while loop is one way to perform a set of actions repeatedly, without having to write those actions more than once.  Here is a general format while ( loop condition ) { loop body //statements you want to //repeat}

11. Example /* *List all notes in the notebook *List all notes in the notebook */ */ public void listNotes() { int index = 0; while ( index < notes.size() ) {System.out.println(notes.get(index));index++;}}

12. While vs. If  Do not confuse a while loop with an if.  Although they look similar, they operate in very different ways  The biggest difference is that once the body of the loop has been executed for the first time, we go back to the test again to see if the body should be executed.

13. Iterators  Examining every item in a collection is a very common activity.  The ArrayList class supplies an iterator method that supplies an Iterator object that allows us to iterate over the collection  We must add another import statement to use the iterator object  import java.util.Iterator;

14. Iterators  An Iterator supplies two methods to iterate over a collection: hasNext and next Iterator it = myCollection.iterator(); while ( it.hasNext() ) { //call it.next() to get the //next object and do something //with that object }

15. Indices vs. Iterators  We have seen approaches to accessing elements in an ArrayList  In this example, both seem equally adequate  Java supplies many other collections that are not as straight foreword  It may also be inefficient or impossible to access elements through indices.  All Java collections have iterators

16. The Auction System Example  The Auction System Example The Auction System Example The Auction System Example  highestBid == null  null is a Java key word and means ‘no object’  When a field is an object type and it is not explicity initialized in a constructor, that field will contain the value null

17. Casting  Casting is an important feature of Java Lot lot = (Lot) it.next();  A cast consists of the name of a type written alone between a pair of parentheses  Casting is commonly seen when retrieving objects from a collection  This is required because collections can store any type of object  Casting makes it clear what type of object it is