1. Introduction to Medical Equipment
Dr. Mohamed El-Brawany
Dr. Mohamed El-Brawany

2. Introduction: I Late 19th and Early 20th centuries
Measuring and recording biopotential
Electrosurgery (incisions by resistive heating)
Heart stimulation (defibrillator and pacemaker)
X-Ray (Rontgen 1895)
Electronic Acquisition of radiographic data
Radionuclides (1948 : iodine , thyroid)
Dr. Mohamed El-Brawany

3. Introduction: II Ultrasound MRI
Principle and chemical application 1946,
Applied in human 1980.
Development of Electronics and computers made these technologies feasible.
Dr. Mohamed El-Brawany

4. Origin of Medical Measurements
Internal Energy
External Energy
Dr. Mohamed El-Brawany

5. Identifying Unknown System
Set of Input /Output equations
Black Box
Input
Output
Dr. Mohamed El-Brawany

6. Living organism as a black box
Electrical, mechanical, acoustical, thermal, chemical, optical, hydraulic and pneumatic systems all interacting with each other
Powerful computer,
Communication system, and
Control System
Dr. Mohamed El-Brawany

7. Difficulties of Bio-measurements: I
I/O relationships are not deterministic
Accessibility problem
Interaction among the variables
Effect of measuring device
Patient safety
Pain and discomfort
Dr. Mohamed El-Brawany

8. Difficulties of Bio-measurements: II
Variability of the Data
Lack of Knowledge
Artifacts
Energy Limitations
Dr. Mohamed El-Brawany

9. Man-Instrument System: Objectives
Information gathering
Diagnosis
Evaluation
Monitoring
Control
Dr. Mohamed El-Brawany

10. Man-instrument System: Components
2004/2005
Dr. Mohamed El-Brawany

11. Biomedical Instruments : Types
Research Instr. Used for:
Info gathering
Are:
More complex
More specialised
Used by skilled person
Clinical Instr. Used for:
Diagnosis
Care
Treatment
Must be:
Rugged
Easy to use
Used by nurse or physician
Dr. Mohamed El-Brawany

12. Biomedical Instruments: Measurements
In- Vivo
In- Vitro
Dr. Mohamed El-Brawany