1. Chapter 30 Lecture 31: Faraday’s Law and Induction: II HW 10 (problems): 29.15, 29.36, 29.48, 29.54, 30.14, 30.34, 30.42, 30.48 Due Friday, Dec. 4.

2. Some Terminology Use emf and current when they are caused by batteries or other sources Use induced emf and induced current when they are caused by changing magnetic fields When dealing with problems in electromagnetism, it is important to distinguish between the two situations

3. Self-Inductance When the switch is closed, the current does not immediately reach its maximum value Faraday’s law can be used to describe the effect

4. Self-Inductance, 2 As the current increases with time, the magnetic flux through the circuit loop due to this current also increases with time This increasing flux creates an induced emf in the circuit The direction of the induced emf is opposite the direction of the emf of the battery

5. Self-Inductance, 3 This effect is called self-inductance Because the changing flux through the circuit and the resultant induced emf arise from the circuit itself The emf ε L is called a self-induced emf

6. Self-Inductance, Equations An induced emf is always proportional to the time rate of change of the current The emf is proportional to the flux, which is proportional to the field and the field is proportional to the current L is a constant of proportionality called the inductance of the coil and it depends on the geometry of the coil and other physical characteristics

7. Inductance of a Coil A closely spaced coil of N turns carrying current I has an inductance of The inductance is a measure of the opposition to a change in current; The SI unit of inductance is the henry (H)

8. Inductance of a Solenoid Assume a uniformly wound solenoid having N turns and length ℓ Assume ℓ is much greater than the radius of the solenoid The flux through each turn of area A is

9. RL Circuit, Introduction A circuit element that has a large self- inductance is called an inductor The circuit symbol is We assume the self-inductance of the rest of the circuit is negligible compared to the inductor However, even without a coil, a circuit will have some self-inductance

10. Effect of an Inductor in a Circuit The inductance results in a back emf Therefore, the inductor in a circuit opposes changes in current in that circuit The inductor attempts to keep the current the same way it was before the change occurred The inductor can cause the circuit to be “sluggish” as it reacts to changes in the voltage

11. RL Circuit, Analysis An RL circuit contains an inductor and a resistor Assume S 2 is connected to a When switch S 1 is closed (at time t = 0), the current begins to increase At the same time, a back emf is induced in the inductor that opposes the original increasing current

12. RL Circuit, Analysis, cont. Applying Kirchhoff’s loop rule to the previous circuit in the clockwise direction gives Looking at the current, we find

13. RL Circuit, Analysis, Final The inductor affects the current exponentially The current does not instantly increase to its final equilibrium value If there is no inductor, the exponential term goes to zero and the current would instantaneously reach its maximum value as expected

14. RL Circuit, Time Constant The expression for the current can also be expressed in terms of the time constant, , of the circuit where  = L / R Physically,  is the time required for the current to reach 63.2% of its maximum value

15. RL Circuit Without A Battery Now set S 2 to position b The circuit now contains just the right hand loop The battery has been eliminated The expression for the current becomes

16. Energy in a Magnetic Field In a circuit with an inductor, the battery must supply more energy than in a circuit without an inductor Part of the energy supplied by the battery appears as internal energy in the resistor The remaining energy is stored in the magnetic field of the inductor

17. Energy in a Magnetic Field, cont. Looking at this energy (in terms of rate) I  is the rate at which energy is being supplied by the battery I 2 R is the rate at which the energy is being delivered to the resistor Therefore, LI (dI/dt) must be the rate at which the energy is being stored in the magnetic field

18. Energy in a Magnetic Field, final Let U denote the energy stored in the inductor at any time The rate at which the energy is stored is To find the total energy, integrate and

19. Energy Density of a Magnetic Field Given U = ½ L I 2 and assume (for simplicity) a solenoid with L =  o n 2 V Since V is the volume of the solenoid, the magnetic energy density, u B is This applies to any region in which a magnetic field exists (not just the solenoid)

20. Energy Storage Summary A resistor, inductor and capacitor all store energy through different mechanisms Charged capacitor Stores energy as electric potential energy Inductor When it carries a current, stores energy as magnetic potential energy Resistor Energy delivered is transformed into internal energy

21. Mutual Inductance The magnetic flux through the area enclosed by a circuit often varies with time because of time-varying currents in nearby circuits This process is known as mutual induction because it depends on the interaction of two circuits

22. Mutual Inductance, 2 The current in coil 1 sets up a magnetic field Some of the magnetic field lines pass through coil 2 Coil 1 has a current I 1 and N 1 turns Coil 2 has N 2 turns

23. Mutual Inductance, 3 The mutual inductance M 12 of coil 2 with respect to coil 1 is Mutual inductance depends on the geometry of both circuits and on their orientation with respect to each other

24. Induced emf in Mutual Inductance If current I 1 varies with time, the emf induced by coil 1 in coil 2 is If the current is in coil 2, there is a mutual inductance M 21 If current 2 varies with time, the emf induced by coil 2 in coil 1 is

25. Mutual Inductance, Final In mutual induction, the emf induced in one coil is always proportional to the rate at which the current in the other coil is changing The mutual inductance in one coil is equal to the mutual inductance in the other coil M 12 = M 21 = M The induced emf’s can be expressed as