1. The effects of Peer Pressure, Living Standards and Gender on Underage Drinking Psychologist- Kanari zukoshi

2. What are surveys and questionnaires? questionnaires – a set of questions relevant to the investigation of a certain population sample Surveys- process of describing some aspects of a population based on a sample using questionnaires

3. Both the research methods uses self report questions and psychologists can analyze the cognitive issues from how they comprehend to the questions

4. Questionnaires Questionnaires- a set of questions specifically made to gather information from a large population of the same sample Helps with the statistical analysis of the respondents therefore is a quantitative data analysis Used in interviews and surveys

5. 2 types of questionnaires : 1) Closed ended questionnaire- measure separate variables with questions about a person`s preferences, behavior and facts e.g multiple choice questions Very easy to formulate and analyze 2) open ended questionnaire- measures variables in a scale like individual personalities, traits, attitudes and index e.g long answers Require detailed individual information, qualitative analysis which require cognitive psychology

6. Questionnaires are simple tools of gathering information from a large population of the same sample however, it is not simple to formulate. There are rules to questionnaires: 1) questions must be clear and uses precise words, correct grammar and punctuations If a respondent is not comfortable answering in English, translate it to the language that the person is comfortable with

7. 2)for open ended Qs, questions must be interpreted diversely and must result in different answers 3) use positive statements only and avoid things that could raise more than one question

8. Lessler and Forsyth [12] analyzed the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse and found that a third of the questions or response alternatives contained vague or ambiguous terms and nearly a quarter had complex syntax Forsyth and Lessler [11, 12] then developed a very useful formal coding system can be used to document the potential problems such as vague wording, complicated syntax, and difficult retrieval tasks

9. A cognitive review of questions can be performed without using a formal coding system. For example, Means et al. [25] conducted a cognitive review of the smoking questions from the National Health Interview Survey. The questions follow the sequence: 1. How many times between 1977 and 1982 did you try to stop smoking and stay off cigarettes for a week or more? 2. When was your last attempt to stop during this period? (show calendar) –What month and year did you stop? –Did you start smoking again? –How long were you off cigarettes?

10. Surveys Systematic collection of information from different individuals Eg telephone surveys, mail, online, interview and personal mall intercept. The success of a survey is dependent on how the population is represented by the respondents: costs, flexibility, willingness to participate and the accuracy of the responses

11. Reliability and validity of surveys Reliability - consistency of measurement, and is frequently assessed using the test- retest reliability method. Reliability is increased by including many similar items on a measure, by testing a diverse sample of individuals, and by using uniform testing procedures. Validity refers to the truthfulness of a measure: Does it measure what it intends to measure? Construct validity represents the extent to which a measure assesses the theoretical construct it is designed to assess; construct validity is determined by assessing convergent validity and discriminant validity

12. How are surveys and questionnaires used in psychology? Surveys and questionnaires are widely used in psychology It is used in other research methods like interviews Besides that, it is also used for medical purposes for the participants in other words, as a medical form.

13. Using surveys and questionnaires to investigate factors that affects underage drinking Aim: to investigate the effects that peer pressure, different living standards and gender has on underage drinking Experimental hypothesis: teenagers with a large group of male friends and have very rich and strict parents will be likely to drink before the age of 17

14. Null: underage drinking is not influenced by peer pressure, high living standards or male genders Design: Conditions- large group/small group of friends -high/low living standards (income, type of parents, residence) -- male/female genders

15. Self selected and snowball sampling Self reported data collection Non experimental lab Method/ type of questionnaires and surveys: -open ended and closed ended questionnaires When, where and why did you start drinking? What days of the week do you drink the most? Who do you drink with? What do you think your parent would say if they found out that you were drinking? -online survey (facebook, etc.)

16. Strength and weakness of closed questionnaires strengths Collect data from a widely dispersed sample of a population in a short amount of time and at a low cost Simple, quick and convenient for the respondent Easier to do a statistical analysis of data disadvantages The answers may be biased since respondents will not give honest answers but the “correct answers” (social desirability) that is why there should be an open ended Qs. following the closed Qs. Limited options for answers

17. Strength and weakness of open ended questionnaires strengths Open to all answers which respondents will answer more freely Casual questions will let the respondent answer in their own words takes more time than closed Qs. Since respondents will have to think of their answers limitations Analyzing the responses will require cognitive analysis which will be difficult with a sample of a large population( greater attention to individual points of view) Respondents might give irrelevant answers when they cannot understand a question

18. Strength and weakness of surveys strengths Can be sent to different locations at the same time to different people (mail, online, etc.) weakness Online surveys might be mistaken for pop-up ads with viruses If it is an anonymous survey participants will not give a valid answer Depending on the respondent, it can be time consuming

19. Ethics The questionnaires will have a consent slip attached to it, with instructions. The respondents will complete a survey online and will be sent to the directed mail address for confidentiality and protection. They will receive a debrief as soon as they send the completed survey. There will be a contact list if there will be a request of withdrawal

20. The questionnaires will be kept simple and short, with both options of multiple choice and long answers.