1. PSYCH 2220 Perception Lecture 11

2. Do we need to LEARN to see?

3. KEYWORDS for lecture 9 "do we need to learn to see?", empiricists (yes), nativists (no), innate visual behaviours, dung beetle, chimpanzees and snakes, ducklings and hawks, Molyneux's question ("if a man is given his sight as an adult, could he distinguish a sphere and a cube?"), two patients described, babies, mixed up faces, visual cliff, contrast sensitive function for infants, preferential looking, adaptation (remember that Dalmatian!), inverting prisms, hens show no adaptation, horizontal or vertical rearing

4. EMPIRICIST (all knowledge comes from experience) NATIVIST (knowledge is ‘a priori’; you are born with it)

5. 1 animal behaviour

6. Molyneux’s question: “could a man born blind distinguish a sphere and a cube by sight alone?” 2 blind people recovering sight

7. S.B could see with minimal experience

8. H.D. never could see very well.

9. 3 child development, Fant’z Experiment

10. 4 adaptation

11. 5 controlled rearing

12. Animal behavour Blind people recovering their sight Babies’ visual development Adaptation experiments Controlled rearing experiments EVIDENCE ……………………. Nativist … Empiricist & nativist …………. Empiricist & nativist …………… Empiricist ……….. Empiricist

13. INTRODUCTION TO HEARING

19. * * * All points on this curve have the same perceived loudness as the standard (*) EQUAL LOUDNESS CURVES

20. Place theory 1 - Travelling wave; stiffness varies 2 - one place most active for a given frequency 3 - tonotopic code; coded as place Periodicity theory 1 - sound coded as pattern

21. Hearing thresholds Equal loudness Masking The case of the missing fundamental harmonics pitch timbre

22. Training a goldfish...

23. Evidence against place -- Missing fundamental -- which can be masked -- some animals have no basilar membrane Evidence against periodicity -- cells can’t fire fast enough -- diplacusis Evidence for place -- physiology Evidence for periodicity -- multiple cells could do it -- phase locking of cells

24. Place theory sound coded as place Periodicity theory sound coded as pattern Duplicity below 1kHz, coded by periodicity above 1 kHz, coded by place

25. Auditory localization 1 inter-aural time of arrival differences -- circle of confusion 2 inter-aural intensity differences 3 pinnae (up/down front/back etc..) 4 head movements

27. Auditory cortex Auditory thalamus Superior colliculus Inferior colliculus cochlea Cochlear nucleus Superior olive The Auditory System

28. The Auditory System (cortical route) Cochlear nucleus Inferior colliculus thalamus cortex

29. The Auditory System (sub-cortical route) Cochlear nucleus Superior olive Inferior colliculus Superior colliculus

30. The Auditory System

31. The Superior Colliculus

32. LOCALIZATION OF FUNCTION IN THE CORTEX

33. Phrenology

34. Stimulation recording lesions anatomy

36. Phineas Gage

40. THE CORPUS CALLOSUM

42. “SPLIT BRAIN”