1. Cockroaches, Beetles, and other Nuisance orders Announcements Presentation Schedule Reading: Chap 7

2. A Key Concept in DV Management is Risk Most DV Management is Govt. Funded They fund efforts in response to perceived risk Risk = Cost of a Bad Outcome TIMES Probability of that Outcome Occurring

3. The main problem is there are multiple risks Multiple “Bad Outcomes” including – Economic – Environmental – Social – Political Each outcome has it’s own cost and probability Major Complication: Disease risk is inversely correlated with vector control.

4. Nuisance Species – Species which lack a direct or vectored medical/veterinary impact Temporary (e.g. overwintering) invaders. E.g. crickets, lady beetles. Permanent, non-medical/veterinary inhabitants. E.g. booklice, fungus gnats, etc. Permanent inhabitants with medical/veterinary significance – Indirect issues – the subject of this lecture

5. Nuisance species generally cause these types of problems Some food-borne disease Other surface contamination disease Intermediate/secondary hosts Allergies & Asthmatic Reactions Psychiatric/psychological disorders Social stigma Degrades quality of life (they’re disgusting)

6. Cockroaches in General Cockroaches the most common insect pests infesting homes, food service establishments and other structures in in the US. There are over 4,000 species of cockroaches in the world and numerous species can become pests in the US. Generally, the further south one goes, the more pest species there are with which to deal.

7. Cockroach Infestation

13. Main Problem of Cockroaches – Allergy X Asthma Interaction Allergy -- a hypersensitive state acquired through exposure to a particular allergen, reexposure bringing to light an altered capacity to react. Most common type with cockroaches is “Atopic” Asthma - a chronic (long-lasting) inflammatory disease of the airways. 90% of cases are “Extrinsic” Interaction between the two is usually expressed as Bronchial Hyperresponsivness (BHR). BHR is an exaggerated bronchial constriction in response to specific or nonspecific provocation. Inflammation of Bronchial Wall Constriction of Bronchial Muscles

14. Cockroach-mediated BHR (CM-BHR) A combination of social, genetic, and cockroach-specific factors. Increasing in North American & European inner cities at about 75%/10 years - the problem is growing. Incidence increases as one moves up the NIH Asthma severity scale: – Mild Intermittent Asthma: Pulmonary function >= 80% of normal ; Episodes infrequent. CM-BHR Incidence < 20% – Mild Persistent Asthma: Pulmonary function >= 80% of normal; Episodes > 2/week but < 1/day; Normal activity affected. CM-BHR < 20 – 40% – Moderate Persistent Asthma: Pulmonary function >= 60% but < 80% of normal. Episodes frequent. Daily use of inhaler. Activity significantly affected. CM-BHR Incidence 40 -80% – Severe Persistent Asthma: Pulmonary function 80%

15. CM-BHR Epidemiology – Likelihood that a child will have CM-BHR in S. New England, 2006

16. Cockroaches in Kentucky In Kentucky, we are primarily concerned with four species: – German cockroach, Blatella germanica L., – brownbanded cockroach, Supella longipalpa F., – oriental cockroach, Blatella orientalis L., – American cockroach, Periplaneta americana L. Of these, the one that has is most troublesome is the German cockroach, which prefers indoor locations. Oriental and American cockroaches occasionally pose problems in moist, humid areas.

17. Kentucky Cockroaches -- Adults

18. Basic Life Cycle Incomplete Metamorphosis Eggs deposited in “packs” called oothecae 3 – 5 nymphal instars Total lifespan in a dwelling – 8 – 12 weeks Most temperate pest species lack overwintering stage.

19. Life Stages of the German Cockroach

20. Kentucky Cockroaches – Oothecae

21. Cockroach Control See your text on pp. 55 Gel Baits are the most effective controls at present Many are general use

22. Baits are typically used with traps

23. A single bait treatment can be highly effective in reducing cockroaches From: Sever et al. 2007

24. More Importantly, Chemical Baits Alone Can Reduce Allergens (ibid)

25. Biocontrol continues to draw interest – Interesting Aside: The Jewel Wasp Stings roach in the brain. Venom paralyzes the part of brain that controls free will. Zombie roach with follow the wasp anywhere. National Geographic article, 2007 YouTube Video

26. Beetles Chapter 8 in your text. Largest order of insects: 350,000 spp or about 40% of all insect spp. This is really the only reason that we mention them in this class. Most are either phytophagous or predatory. Minor significance to human and animal health.

27. Beetles Most problems in our area are either as nuisance species (lady beetles) or veterinary problems (ingestion of toxic beetles). Intermediate hosts of many veterinary pathogens (see text) Some have medically-important benefits – Forensic entomology – Some medicinal products – Some interrupt disease transmission in mammals (e.g. dung beetles).

28. Beetle Morphology Distinctive wing arrangement Holometabolous Abdomen broadly joined to the pterothorax

29. Blister beetles Most common toxic beetle in Kentucky Striped blister beetle is the most common species Often occur in swarms or clusters.

30. Blister Beetles All possess a terpenoid, cantharidin, which causes blisters Human LD 50 is 0.5 mg/kg, 10 mg could be fatal. Cantharidin is carried in the beetle’s blood. In all life stages Available commercially as a wart treatment. Available commercially