1. Introduction to the Animal Kingdom
source

2. Which of these is an “animal”?

3. Answer: They are all animals!
Characteristics of Animals:
eukaryotic
multicellular
heterotrophic
lack cell walls
motile at some point in lifespan
develop from a blastula early in lifecycle (hollow ball of cells)
most reproduce sexually with diploid stage being dominant stage

4. Biology = study of life Physiology = Study of the functions of organs
Anatomy = the structure of the organism/organs
Zoology = study of animals

5. Animal Functions Feeding strategies: Herbivore = eats plants
Carnivore = eats animals
Omnivore = eats plants and animals
Detritivore = feed on decaying organic material
Filter Feeders = aquatic animals that strain food from water
Parasite = lives in or on another organism
(symbiotic relationship)
Scavenger = eats things that have been killed

6. 2. Respiration:
Take in O2 and give off CO2 Lungs, gills, through skin, simple diffusion

7. 3. Circulation:
Very small animals rely on diffusion Larger animals have circulatory system

8. 4. Excretion: 5. Response: Coordinate their activities with
Primary waste product is ammonia
5. Response: Coordinate their activities with
Receptor cells = sound, light, external stimuli Nerve cells => nervous system
6. Movement:
* Most animals move

9. 7. Reproduction: Most reproduce sexually = genetic diversity
Many invertebrates can also reproduce asexually to increase their numbers rapidly

10. Body Plan
how animal’s parts are arranged and organized; structural blueprint
Body Symmetry:
Asymmetry - no pattern (corals, sponges)
Radial Symmetry - shaped like a wheel (starfish, hydra, jellyfish)
Bilateral Symmetry - 
has a right and left side (humans, insects, cats, etc)

11. Identify the Symmetry

12. Body Sides anterior - toward the head posterior - toward the tail
dorsal - back side
ventral - belly side

13. Levels of Organization
In multicellular organisms cells have become specialized to perform a specific function.
Groups of specialized cells that work together are referred to as a tissue – there are 4 animal tissues (epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous)
Groups of tissues can form organs.
Organs can work together in systems – organ systems to carry out specific functions

14. Cephalization - an anterior concentration of sense organs (to have a head)
*The more complex the animal becomes the more need for connection of nervous tissue and receptors at the anterior/head end of body to allow for rapid movement and processing stimuli
Octopus – member of the class Cephalopoda (head-foot)

15. Segmentation "advanced" animals have body segments – repeating parts
different segments like head, thorax, abdomen have become specialized for specific function

16. Embryological Development Early Development Animals begin life as a zygote (fertilized egg)

17. The cells in the zygote divide to form the BLASTULA - a hollow ball of cells

18. The blastula pinches inward to form three GERM LAYERS/body layers.
Give rise to body systems i.e. circulatory, reproductive, excretory, muscular
(outer)
(middle)
Give rise to outer skin and nerves.
Give rise to gut.
(inner)

19. Coelom – body cavity
Digestive tract/gut with one or two openings; a tube system
- develops mouth first
- develops anus first

20. Limbs: legs, flippers and wings
Animals with bilateral symmetry and cephalization also tend to have paired external appendages or limbs
Limbs may be used for movement, defense or gathering sensory information.
e.g. antennae, mouthparts, wings, gills, legs, fins, arms, and certain parts of a tail

21. Animal Kingdom
Like plants the early ancestor of the animals moved from water onto land.
Major evolutionary milestones are marked by changes in the body plan.
There are about 35 animal phyla but 9 major ones.
However one common way to group animals is whether they have a backbone – vertebrates = 5% or the absence of a backbone – invertebrates = 95%

23. Animal Kingdom Phyla Phylum Porifera – sponges
Phylum Cnidaria – sea anemones, jellyfish, hydra

24. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms
Free-living Planarian
Parasitic Tapeworm

25. Phylum Nematoda – roundworms
Phylum Annelida – segmented worms

26. Phylum Mollusca – clams, squid, snails

27. Phylum Arthropoda – crustaceans, insects, spiders
This is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom and contains the most number of species

28. Phylum Echinodermata - starfish

29. Phylum Chordata – includes all vertebrates

30. Phylum Rotifera –microscopic aquatic animal
Soft bodies therefore fossil record weak
Filter feeders – omnivorous – primary consumers
Most reproduce by pathogenesis