1. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

2. MOTIVATION It’s the only way that I’ll get out of bed in the morning.

3. WHO IS ARON RALSTON? “Having been dead and standing in my grave, leaving my last will and testament, etching ‘Rest in Peace’ on the wall, all of that, gone and then replaced with having my life again. It was undoubtedly the sweetest moment that I will ever experience.” How does this relate to emotion?

4. RELATE HIS STORY TO MOTIVATION Motivation: A need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal. Ralston’s thirst and hunger, his sense of belonging to others, and his brute will to live and become a father highlight the force of motivation. His intense emotional experience of how love and joy demonstrate the close ties between our feelings, or emotions, and our motivated behaviors.

5. INSTINCT A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

6. Instinct? Need? Drive? Incentive?

7. DRIVE-REDUCTION THEORY The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. As physiological needs increase, so does a psychological drive. Therefore, our drives relate to homeostasis. Please explain Homeostasis

8. DRIVE-REDUCTION THEORY ILLUSTRATED

9. INCENTIVES Not only are we pushed by our “need” to reduce drives, we also are pulled by incentives—positive or negative stimuli that lure or repel us. This is one way that our individual learning histories influence our motives. When there is both a need and incentive, we feel strongly driven. The food-deprived person who smells baking break feels a strong hunger drive. For each motive we can ask “how is it pushed by our inborn physiological needs and pulled by incentives in the environment?”

10. DISCUSSION QUESTION Connect Incentives to Skinner’s conception of reinforcement and punishment. Reinforcement is designed to encourage (or lure) a behavior. Punishment is designed to discourage (or repel) a behavior.

11. A FEW QUESTIONS What types of behavior are inherited, preprogrammed, complex behaviors that occur throughout the human and animal species? Where can we draw the line between individual behavior and instinctive behavior? Does drive-reduction theory help differentiate between what is considered an instinct and what is an individual behavior? Why or Why Not?

12. HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

13. 2 Questions for You Consider your own experiences to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Have you experienced true hunger or thirst that displaced your concern for other higher-level needs? Do you usually feel safe? Loved? Confident? How often do you feel you are able to address what Maslow called your “self- actualization” needs? While on a long road trip you suddenly feel very hungry. You see a diner that looks pretty deserted and creepy but you are really

14. While on a long road trip you suddenly feel very hungry. You see a diner that looks pretty deserted and creepy but you are really hungry so you stop anyway. What motivational perspective would most easily explain this behavior and why? Page E-7 in AP Book

15. The Brain and Hunger

16. Levels of Analysis for Hunger Motivation

17. PLEASE RELATE THE INFORMATION YOU NOW HAVE ON MOTIVATION AND RELATE TO EATING DISORDERS AND BODY IMAGE ISSUES

18. Interesting Stuff Myron Zuckerman argues that people differ in the amount of stimulation they need or want. He and others have identified four forms of sensation seeking: 1) Thrill and Adventure Seeking: think parachute jumping, skydiving, and race-car driving 2) Experience-Seeking: This represents the desire to seek sensation through the mind, the senses, and a nonconforming lifestyle. 3) Disinhibition: Those who have chosen the middle-class lifestyle but find it boring may seek escape in social drinking and partying. 4) Boredom Susceptibility: This occurs when people have a low tolerance for experiences that are repetitious or constant.

19. Victor Frankl "We who lived in concentration camps can remember the men who walked through the huts comforting others, giving away their last piece of bread. They may have been few in number, but they offer sufficient proof that everything can be taken from a man but one thing: the last of the human freedoms— to choose one's attitude in any given set of circumstances, to choose one's own way."