1. SKIN ART The term “Body Art” is actually a broad term used to describe any method of expression that alters the appearance of the human body. This includes things like piercing, mutilation, body building, plastic surgery and other forms of “body sculpture”.

2. SKIN ART “Skin Art” is a facet of Body Art that refers to alteration of the skin in ways like tattoo, body painting and scarification.

3. Otzi, The Tyrolean iceman, a 5300-year-old mummy http://anthropology.net/2009/07/21/otzi-icemans-tattoos-were-born-in-fire/ http://anthropology.net/2009/07/21/otzi-icemans-tattoos-were-born-in-fire/ Tattoo and body painting is one of the oldest art forms known to man.

4. 2000 year old mummy from Asia Tattooing appears on ancient mummies from all corners of the earth and as old as the oldest remains ever discovered.

5. Tattoo History Continued… Believed that the first known tattoo dates back to 4,000 B.C. (body of man, skin bears cross behind one knee and a series of lines above the kidneys) Egyptian and Nubian mummies (practiced around 2000 B.C.) Ancient Greeks used Tattooing for communication among spies Ancient Romans used tattoos to mark criminals and slaves. (2500 year old Pazyryk mummies)

6. Tattoo History Continued… 1700 Japan - escalated the tattoo to an aesthetic art form. - At that time, only royalty were allowed to wear ornate clothing, so as a result of this the middle class adorned themselves with elaborate full body tattoos. Ancient Japanese also marked criminals –1 st offense marked w/ line across forehead –2 nd was marked by adding an arch –3 rd marked by another line –Together the marks formed the Japanese character for “dog.”

7. Modern tattoo (as we know it today) comes from the Pacific Islands.

8. British sailors would return from places like New Zealand, Polynesia, Hawaii and Australia with native tattoo’s. The concept eventually moved from the military to the civilian population.

9. The Maori of New Zealand were the most well known for their elaborate all over tattoo’s… (especially for the facial tattoo’s known as Moko).

10. The word “tattoo” is actually a mis-pronunciation of the Polynesian word Tatau, which means “to pierce”.

12. What purpose did tattoo serve? In most primitive culture body markings served many purposes. 1 - Protection (both spiritual and physical). Act as guides or identification in the afterlife. 2 - Show status and/or group affiliation. Both positive and negative. 3 - Medicinal and healing purposes. As with Otzi peoples 4 - Mark achievements.

14. Traditional division of the face for Moko patterns.

16. Traditional Maori tattoo uses blue dye inserted under the skin.

18. Tattoo however was not limited to the face (or only to men) but was used across the entire body.

19. The people of Samoa tattooed the legs and buttocks heavily, due to the large surface area that could be covered. The traditional woman's tattoo is called a Malu, and is more open and airy than the male counterpart.

20. The male version, the pe’a, is thicker, with less open space and more ink. The pe’a eventually covers the entire leg from lower back to foot.

23. While some women did wear the traditional full Moko...

24. ... most female tattoo was limited to the chin...

25. ...or the forehead areas.

26. The Inuit women in Alaska also practice chin tattooing.

27. Traditional island tattoo is chiseled into the skin by using sharp instrument called a “comb”.

28. multiple prong Combs Combs are dipped in ink and hammered with a stick so that they vibrate like a tuning fork. This forces the ink beneath the surface of the skin.

29. The act of tattoo (in progress)

30. Tattooing in the western world was brought to a halt in A.D. 787. Pope Hadrian banned the art form, …citing Leviticus 19:28 and 21:5 as well as Deuteronomy 14:1.

31. This was because Crusaders were tattooing themselves with Christian symbols. Why? So that if they were killed in the Holy Land they would receive Christian burials (pilgrims were also tattooing themselves to show they had visited certain Christian religious sites). The church feared the eastern (and therefore Pagan) associations.

32. Negative Associations of Tattoos Until recently, tattoos were associated with criminals or the naval community, and it has taken many years for these negative associations to fade. In Japan, tattoos are associated with the Yakuza, and this causes apprehension in Japanese citizens, to the point where gyms and swimming pools actually ban people with large or offensive tattoos from using the facilities.

33. Negative Associations of Tattoos Tattoos are used within prison communities to indicate allegiance to a certain gang or affiliation to an organization. –A tear drop tattoo can symbolize murder, and cobwebs on the elbow or elsewhere can demonstrate crimes committed. –Racial or political views are expressed pictorially, making it easier for inmates to demonstrate some sense of gang allegiance, or strive for a semblance of individuality in an otherwise regimented environment. Further negativity has come from the practice of forcibly tattooing people. Jewish people resident in concentration camps were forced to be branded with identification numbers during the Holocaust.

34. Tattoos in the US In the past, tattoos had little acceptance of the American public, but it was difficult to express too much negativity when military personnel would return home from serving overseas with the names of loved ones emblazoned on their arm. To most Americans during this time period, the word “tattoo” was synonymous for those outside the mainstream of America. It was a mind set of undesirables from gang members like the Hells Angels, Bandidos, to the movie Easy Rider.

35. Tattoos in the US It was not until the 1980’s that tattoos began to gain positive exposure, with the help of Long Island based band “The Stray Cats”, featured on the cover of the Rolling Stone magazine. As tattoos ceased to be solely connected to counter-culture, they started to appear on average Americans across the United States. Tattoo shops sprung up all across America. In most parts of the United States tattoos are common and considered to be a basic form of self-expression.

36. Modern Tattooing Today, tattoos are created by injecting ink into the skin. Injection is done by a needle attached to a hand-held tool. The tool moves the needle up and down at a rate of several hundred vibrations per minute and penetrates the skin by about one millimeter. What you see when you look at a tattoo is the ink that's left in the skin after the tattooing. The ink is not in the epidermis, which is the layer of skin that we see and the skin that gets replaced constantly, but instead intermingles with cells in the dermis and shows through the epidermis. The cells of the dermis are remarkably stable, so the tattoo's ink will last, with minor fading and dispersion, for your entire life!

37. BODY ART Skin Art Part 2

38. body painting

39. Almost all cultures at one time have practiced body painting.

41. And most still do (without realizing it).

42. The ancient Celts were the most famous people to paint themselves. The Celts would use Woad, a blue dye to paint mystical symbols on their bodies when engaging in warfare.

43. Woad was also rumored to have a hallucinogenic component, (similar to ancient pigment used in cave paintings). Hence the “crazy” Celtic warrior legend.

44. Celtic design motifs (based on animal forms).

45. Native North Americans also had a highly developed sense of aesthetics, and used face and body painting extensively. The Native Americans not only used body painting in war, but as a status symbol as well.

47. Temporary tattoos with the use of henna

48. Hand art

49. The Risks…

50.   Body art is now easily accessible and is often targeted toward those under 18.   Regulation helps to prevent injuries, infections, and transmission of diseases like Hepatitis.

51. Unsafe Body Art Procedures Can invade and infect your body through your blood. One prick from a contaminated needle – one drop of contaminated blood can make you sick. Your tattoo or piercing, no matter how small, is an open wound that can be infected.

52. Some of the Problems   Getting a life altering, dangerous disease (Hepatitis & other blood diseases)   Inviting a serious “Staph” infection (Anti-biotic resistant “Toxic Shock” infections)   Causing scar tissue & cartilage damage (Requires expensive plastic surgery correction)   Cutting through blood vessels or nerves (excessive bleeding and nerve damage)

53. Work-related restrictions, and negative impressions from potential employers. Inflammation and rejection of the ink. Dissatisfaction after the work is done. Angry, ANGRY parents Additional Problems …..

54. HEPATITIS IS A SERIOUS THREAT Hepatitis B & Hepatitis C will destroy your liver. Hepatitis is very difficult for your immune system. Most Hepatitis infections (80-90%) become chronic & lead to liver disease, including cirrhosis & liver failure. Almost any direct or indirect exposure to infected blood can transmit the virus. You only have one Liver – You cannot live without a Liver and Hepatitis will destroy your liver.

55. This is your NORMAL LIVER

56. This is your LIVER on Hepatitis So….What is Hepatitis ???

57. The Hepatitis Virus is a Survivor. It is not easily neutralized. It has been proven that a small droplet of dried, infected blood sitting on any surface can cause infection for more than a week. Autoclaves destroy the hepatitis virus with steam & pressure.

58. “Staff” infected tattoo Keloid scar caused by the tattoo

59. DON’T FORGET, YOU HAVE A FUTURE Your body art will absolutely be a factor in your professional career and employment potential. Employers DO NOT have to hire you if they don’t like your body art. There is no discrimination protection for body art. It was your choice to do it.

60. Many Employers Restrict Body Art US-Army regulations state: “Visible tattoos or brands on the face, neck or head are prohibited. Tattoos or brands on other areas of the body that are prejudicial to good order and discipline are prohibited. Any type of tattoo or brand that is visible while wearing a Class A uniform and detracts from a soldierly appearance is prohibited.” McDonald's -Handbook says no visible tattoos or piercings. Girls are allowed one stud per ear but it varies based on manager discretion. Aeropostale - Visible facial mods in moderation (i.e., tongue, labret, eyebrow and nose allowed). Large tattoos should be covered, but not all stores really adhere to this. It All Depends on the management. AMC Theaters - No visible tattoos or piercings (exception: girls are allowed to have one earring (no bigger than a quarter) in each ear lobe).

61. DON’T SETTLE FOR ANYTHING LESS THAN THE BEST. It will be with you for the rest of your life. This tattoo cost $120 YOU GET WHAT YOU PAY FOR This is a CHEAP Tattoo

62. REMEMBER THIS … People who do tattoos or piercings at “parties” or in their basements do not spend money on autoclaves or any other cleaning supplies. They are RISKING YOUR LIFE to save a few bucks. Would you use a cheap cord you bought at the flea market to bungee off a tall bridge? THINK ABOUT IT Or use a parachute packed by your little brother or sister?

63. BASIC REQUIREMENTS Practitioners must wash their hands frequently All establishments must have hot running water (under pressure with wrist operated levers), antibacterial soap and disposable paper towels Absolutely no smoking, drinking or eating while conducting body art procedures

64. ALL PLACES SHOULD LOOK LIKE THIS

65. AND THIS

67. Tattoo set up before you get that tattoo

68. REQUIREMENTS All reusable equipment must be sterilized in an approved autoclave and dated with an expiration date. Autoclaves must be tested regularly. Spore tests must be taken each month. (Ask to see their latest spore tests.) All practitioners and owners must have knowledge about and comply with all rules regarding bloodborne pathogens.

69. REQUIREMENTS A “BIOHAZARD”container must be in every room – and must not have any needles sticking out of the top of the container.

70. Absorbent paper towel – not lined with plastic will contaminate the table below. Tattoo gun should have a protective plastic bag over the gun and on the wire. Cloth chairs absorb liquid droplets of blood & cannot be sanitized. This may look clean but….

71. THIS IS NOT CLEAN

72. FORMS & INFORMATION REQUIRED n n Client Identification – – Proof of age – – Parental consent n n Medical Screening n n Pre-Procedure Info – – Permanence of tattoos – – Risks associated with the procedure n Procedure Description & Aftercare Instructions n All Records Must Be Signed by Both Parties n 5 Year Retention of Files

73. Remember… Body Art is Regulated Know what a safe body art facility looks like. If you can’t afford to go to a professional, licensed facility, don’t get any body art. Try Temporary Tattoos first. They look great, they’re safe, and if you don’t like it, it won’t be around forever.

74. Remember… When you get a piercing or tattoo done just anywhere to save a few bucks Like: in the parking lot at a friend’s party in someone’s garage

75. Remember… Ugly, irreversible body art Scars and Keloids Surface and blood Infections Hepatitis Other bloodborne diseases Very expensive removal costs You could also get:

76. Wildlife

77. Symbols

78. Floral

79. Fantasy

80. Abstractions: These are derivative from antique designs. These designs are compose of black color and jet gray shading. These designs usually have least artwork. For Examples Chinese symbols, Old English letters, tribal and so on.

82. Naturalistic Naturalistic tattoos are close to nature, and hold complicated details so that the design looks realistic. For detail images depth, shading, and perceptions are used. Face of spiritual scholars and leaders are few examples of naturalistic tattoos.

83. Pledges (inspired by sailor tattoos) In Western society these kinds of tattoos are very famous. They include anchors, hearts, names, and so on. Typically these are also the least costly of all the tattoo kinds.

84. Celtic Tattoo Celtic art is art associated with various people known as Celts. They are made of “knots” and often include crosses. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_art http://i29.photobucket.com/albums/c268/neenieg/IMG_2184.jpg

85. Japanese Originally for spiritual purposes in Japan Often includes waves, the lotus flowers, dragons and coy fish.

86. New Trends Paint Splatter UV light tattoos