1. FIRST CONTACT CHAPTER 2 (2014)

2. Terms Egalitarian- interests of group over the individual (nomadic) Egalitarian- interests of group over the individual (nomadic) Centralized authority (power is concentrated with one person or a few people. More likely in sedentary populations) Centralized authority (power is concentrated with one person or a few people. More likely in sedentary populations) Colonialism (see Frayer Model in your binder) Colonialism (see Frayer Model in your binder) Expansionism (territorial or commercial expansion/ control in a foreign territory) Expansionism (territorial or commercial expansion/ control in a foreign territory) Métis (person of mixed First Nation and European descent) Métis (person of mixed First Nation and European descent) Coureurs de Bois (French and/or Métis fur traders in the northwest) Coureurs de Bois (French and/or Métis fur traders in the northwest)

3. Terms continued Expansionism (territorial or commercial expansion/ control in a foreign territory) Expansionism (territorial or commercial expansion/ control in a foreign territory) Récollets (the first missionaries to arrive in New France) Récollets (the first missionaries to arrive in New France) Capitalist (an economic system in which businesses are controlled by private interests whose objectives are to make profits Capitalist (an economic system in which businesses are controlled by private interests whose objectives are to make profits

4. Discussion of 2 quotes Pg 22 Richardson’s statement is derogatory. Richardson’s statement is derogatory. It gives no credit to the original inhabitants of Canada and does not recognize the contributions made by Aboriginal peoples in helping the Europeans to survive. It gives no credit to the original inhabitants of Canada and does not recognize the contributions made by Aboriginal peoples in helping the Europeans to survive. He does not value their social, cultural, political or economic contributions/development. He does not value their social, cultural, political or economic contributions/development.

5. Discussion of 2 quotes Pg Chief George Manuel focuses on 3 points: 1.He discusses the efforts made by aboriginal people to teach Europeans how to survive travel and hunt in unfamiliar territory. 2. He also explains the negative outcomes of first contact for his people including disease, death, loss of land and resources. 3. He explains the First Peoples fundamental connection to the land as the soul of their community and how devastating the loss of this land has been.

6. Eve of Contact / Aboriginal Complex and Diverse Societies Aboriginal societies flourished across North America Aboriginal societies flourished across North America Possessed knowledge to develop diverse and complex societies Possessed knowledge to develop diverse and complex societies Technology reflected unique conditions of environment and way of life Technology reflected unique conditions of environment and way of life Depended on nature and had deep spiritual connection to environment Depended on nature and had deep spiritual connection to environment Had distinct systems of government Had distinct systems of government

7. Question 4 The Reformation (1517-55)- some sought to reform the Catholic church and renew Christian morals The Reformation (1517-55)- some sought to reform the Catholic church and renew Christian morals This lead to a split that creates Protestant denominations This lead to a split that creates Protestant denominations Counter-Reformation -French, Spanish and Portuguese committed to spreading Catholicism worldwide- affects Aboriginals in North Americans Counter-Reformation -French, Spanish and Portuguese committed to spreading Catholicism worldwide- affects Aboriginals in North Americans

8. Question 4 (cont’d) Arrival of Europeans approx. 1500CE Arrival of Europeans approx. 1500CE Disrupts balance of aboriginal life Disrupts balance of aboriginal life Benefit of cultural interaction at first (Exchange of European technology and Aboriginal knowledge for survival) Benefit of cultural interaction at first (Exchange of European technology and Aboriginal knowledge for survival) Spread of European goods by traders but many Aboriginals did not meet Europeans face to face Spread of European goods by traders but many Aboriginals did not meet Europeans face to face

9. Question 5 European countries sought to rule other nations to further their own interests =colonialism European countries sought to rule other nations to further their own interests =colonialism 15th and 16th centuries- Spain Portugal and Netherlands- greatest forces 15th and 16th centuries- Spain Portugal and Netherlands- greatest forces 17th century- England and France- greatest forces 17th century- England and France- greatest forces 1450 CE Portuguese dominant in Africa- Bartholomew Diaz had reached the southern most point and around to India 1450 CE Portuguese dominant in Africa- Bartholomew Diaz had reached the southern most point and around to India decimated many Aboriginal populations- needed labour force for plantation economy so they enslaved people from Africa decimated many Aboriginal populations- needed labour force for plantation economy so they enslaved people from Africa

10. Question 5

11. The Triangular Trade trading network established by Europeans trading network established by Europeans bring raw materials to Europe from colonies in the Americas and Caribbean bring raw materials to Europe from colonies in the Americas and Caribbean made industrialisation possible in Europe made industrialisation possible in Europe Manufactured goods were sent to the colonies which encouraged development Manufactured goods were sent to the colonies which encouraged development

12. The Triangular Trade devastating human rights offence devastating human rights offence wealth was generated because of slavery wealth was generated because of slavery 11 million people from Africa were dehumanized and kidnapped over a period of 300 years 11 million people from Africa were dehumanized and kidnapped over a period of 300 years They were forced to work on the farms to produce the raw materials need in Europe They were forced to work on the farms to produce the raw materials need in Europe

13. Question 6 Globalization is defined as dependent and interdependent relationships among places on earth Globalization is defined as dependent and interdependent relationships among places on earth The movement of goods and slaves as part of the triangular trade was part of the early process of globalization The movement of goods and slaves as part of the triangular trade was part of the early process of globalization Abuse/slavery is what allowed Europeans to produce raw materials to send to their nations Abuse/slavery is what allowed Europeans to produce raw materials to send to their nations The economies of the Caribbean and Americas generated wealth for European nations allowing them to industrialise and expand their empires at the expense of those enslaved The economies of the Caribbean and Americas generated wealth for European nations allowing them to industrialise and expand their empires at the expense of those enslaved

14. Colonialism and Expansionism Christopher Columbus (Spain) reached the Caribbean- 1492CE- series of Spanish invasions Christopher Columbus (Spain) reached the Caribbean- 1492CE- series of Spanish invasions Hernan Cortez destroyed Aztec Empire Hernan Cortez destroyed Aztec Empire Mexican population went from 27 million to 1 million between 1519 CE and 1650CE (131 years ) due to disease, violence, overwork Mexican population went from 27 million to 1 million between 1519 CE and 1650CE (131 years ) due to disease, violence, overwork 1497 John Cabot arrived in Nfld. or Cape Breton thinking it was China 1497 John Cabot arrived in Nfld. or Cape Breton thinking it was China Abundant supply of cod fish – became a regular commodity in Europe by 1500s Abundant supply of cod fish – became a regular commodity in Europe by 1500s Fishing fleets arrive- trade between Europeans & Aboriginals Fishing fleets arrive- trade between Europeans & Aboriginals Fish, beads, metal pots, knives traded for furs Fish, beads, metal pots, knives traded for furs

15. Question 8 (quote #1) Columbus promises the Queen of Spain if she supports his ventures : Columbus promises the Queen of Spain if she supports his ventures : 1) He will provide her with an unlimited supply of resources (including goods and slaves) 2) He believes that Aboriginals are open to trade and underestimated the value of their resources 3) He diminished them as people by referring to them as “heathen slaves”. Heathen means irreligious, uncultured, or uncivilized Heathen means irreligious, uncultured, or uncivilized

16. Question 7 (quote #2) John Cabot was directed by King Henry VII to spread Christian values to the “heathens and infidelles” John Cabot was directed by King Henry VII to spread Christian values to the “heathens and infidelles” This again shows the common lack of understanding Europeans showed for Aboriginal spirituality and customs. This again shows the common lack of understanding Europeans showed for Aboriginal spirituality and customs. Infidel means a person with no faith, an unbeliever. Infidel means a person with no faith, an unbeliever.

17. Fur Trade (overview- question 9) Jaques Cartier 1534 CE claims Atlantic coast for France Jaques Cartier 1534 CE claims Atlantic coast for France 1600 beaver felt hats in demand- fur trade takes off 1600 beaver felt hats in demand- fur trade takes off Tadoussac center of fur trade- example of interdependency between Europeans & Aboriginals Tadoussac center of fur trade- example of interdependency between Europeans & Aboriginals 1608 Samuel de Champlain sails to present day Quebec city 1608 Samuel de Champlain sails to present day Quebec city Champlain sends traders to live with aboriginals to foster good relations and sides with Wendet and Algonquin in their war against Haudenosaunee in 1609 Champlain sends traders to live with aboriginals to foster good relations and sides with Wendet and Algonquin in their war against Haudenosaunee in 1609

18. trade furs for iron goods Cartier proclaimed the land for France due to its vast resources (expansionism!) fur trade was fuelled by the demand for beaver pelts to make hats Aboriginal rivalries intensified as they competed they pushed into each others traditional territories The Europeans and Aboriginals developed an interdependency Question 9 Question 9Expansionism and its economic impact on aboriginal communities.

19. Question 10 The Dutch and British traded weapons for furs The Dutch and British traded weapons for furs The French linked weapons to religious conversion to Christianity The French linked weapons to religious conversion to Christianity As rivalries intensified between colonial empires and with in the Aboriginal communities sides were chosen and alliances were built As rivalries intensified between colonial empires and with in the Aboriginal communities sides were chosen and alliances were built When direct conflict occurred the French were at a disadvantages as their Aboriginal allies were not as well equipped with European weapons When direct conflict occurred the French were at a disadvantages as their Aboriginal allies were not as well equipped with European weapons

20. Jesuits arrived 10 years after the Récollets Jesuits arrived 10 years after the Récollets They lived among Aboriginal societies learning their customs and languages They lived among Aboriginal societies learning their customs and languages Tried to convert Aboriginals to Christianity through full scale assimilation Tried to convert Aboriginals to Christianity through full scale assimilation Used residential schools in attempt to have Aboriginals adopt French culture Used residential schools in attempt to have Aboriginals adopt French culture Preferential trading status was given to those who converted- they had to break from all previous traditions to be baptized- caused social rifts Preferential trading status was given to those who converted- they had to break from all previous traditions to be baptized- caused social rifts

21. Question 11 1670 Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) given a Royal Charter for trading rights around Hudson’s Bay and James Bay 1670 Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) given a Royal Charter for trading rights around Hudson’s Bay and James Bay Rivalry between England and France Rivalry between England and France Rivalry again increases expansion of French (Coureurs de bois) to the interior Rivalry again increases expansion of French (Coureurs de bois) to the interior Raids were common (English allied with Haudenosaunee and the French and Metis with Wendet and Algonquin until 1701 Raids were common (English allied with Haudenosaunee and the French and Metis with Wendet and Algonquin until 1701 By 1760 HBC had a monopoly on the fur trade By 1760 HBC had a monopoly on the fur trade

22. The Hudson’s Bay Company 1670 Source: L'exploration, Le Commerce De La Fourrure Et Compagnie De La Baie D'Hudson

23. Carte du territoire de la Compagnie de la Baie d’Hudson, 1821-1870 Source: L'exploration, Le Commerce De La Fourrure Et Compagnie De La Baie D'Hudson

24. Assimilation Frayer (Brainstorm) Assimilation Frayer (Brainstorm) The act of making a minority group of people assume the customs and traditions of a larger group The act of making a minority group of people assume the customs and traditions of a larger group

25. Question 11 and 12 A few positive effects of the fur trade for Aboriginal peoples: First 100 years Aboriginal people had great influence because they knew how to survive and navigate territory First 100 years Aboriginal people had great influence because they knew how to survive and navigate territory New technologies brought to Aboriginals as a result of the fur trade New technologies brought to Aboriginals as a result of the fur trade New economic opportunities for Aboriginals as guides/trappers New economic opportunities for Aboriginals as guides/trappers Many negative effects of the fur trade for Aboriginal peoples Quest for furs for trade led to movement Aboriginal people into each others’ traditional territories Quest for furs for trade led to movement Aboriginal people into each others’ traditional territories Introduction of infectious disease such as smallpox, measles and influenza was devastating- no immunity Introduction of infectious disease such as smallpox, measles and influenza was devastating- no immunity

26. Question 11 and 12 (cont’d) Introduction of alcohol and addictions increased Introduction of alcohol and addictions increased The resources upon which Aboriginals depended were depleted The resources upon which Aboriginals depended were depleted Over time they became more and more dependent on manufactured goods- leads to great change and disruption to their way of life Over time they became more and more dependent on manufactured goods- leads to great change and disruption to their way of life Fur trade intensified long standing hostilities among some First Nations groups Fur trade intensified long standing hostilities among some First Nations groups More European settlers came to North America displacing Aboriginal peoples More European settlers came to North America displacing Aboriginal peoples New practices in governance were established New practices in governance were established Eventually the Aboriginals dependent upon Europeans- assimilation of Aboriginal peoples Eventually the Aboriginals dependent upon Europeans- assimilation of Aboriginal peoples

27. Question 12 1600s new food from Americas was in great demand 1600s new food from Americas was in great demand farming methods adopted for corn, squash, tomatoes, beans, potatoes, pumpkin, beans etc. farming methods adopted for corn, squash, tomatoes, beans, potatoes, pumpkin, beans etc. potato- staple food helps to avoid famine potato- staple food helps to avoid famine corn fed to livestock- healthier corn fed to livestock- healthier smoking- demand for tobacco increases- leads to rich plantations smoking- demand for tobacco increases- leads to rich plantations plantation economy has a devastating result= slavery as a large labour force was required plantation economy has a devastating result= slavery as a large labour force was required capitalism had arrived in Europe- global trading network= new world order- GLOBALIZATION! capitalism had arrived in Europe- global trading network= new world order- GLOBALIZATION!

28. Work Cited "342 world history: early." ISU Public Homepage Server. Web. 04 Oct. 2009. "File:Bartolomeu Dias Voyage.PNG -." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 04 Oct.2009. LeBel Susan and Jeff Orr Canada’s History Voices and Visions Toronto: Gage Learning Corporation, 2003. Visual Media Center | Columbia University in the City of New York. Web. 04 Oct. 2009.