1. Unit 1.3 Review MI

4. How do frequency and amplitude affect how humans interpret sound?

5. Frequency – Measures the speed of the sound wave in hertz
Amplitude – Measure of the height of the sound wave (energy) in decibels
Indicates how loud the sound will be
Frequency – Measures the speed of the sound wave in hertz
Indicates the pitch of the sound

6. What causes different types of hearing loss?

7. Outer Ear – Middle Ear – Inner Ear – Pinna - Collects sound waves
Ear Canal
Ear Drum (Tympanic Membrane) Transfers sound waves to vibrations in the middle ear
Middle Ear –
Ossicles – Bones vibrate and send pressure waves through the cochlea
Malleus, Incus, Stapes
Inner Ear –
Cochlea – Contains sensory hairs that pick up on vibrations and send signals up the auditory nerve to the brain
Vestibule – Maintains balance
Eustachian Tube – Maintains pressure in the ear

8. Types of Hearing Loss
Conductive Hearing loss – Caused by a blockage or problem with one of the above structures. Can often be reversed with surgery or treated by antibiotics if due to infections.
Sensorineural Hearing loss – Caused by genetic or environmental damage to the inner ear. Often irreversible and need hearing aids, sign language, or cochlear implants to communicate

9. How is hearing loss diagnosed?
Rinne Test – Uses a tuning fork to compare sound through vibrations to sound waves going through the outer ear. If the sound through vibrations is longer that means there maybe conductive hearing loss.
Audiogram – Uses different frequencies to test the decibels patients can hear them in a sound proof room

10. Conductive hearing loss – bone conduction line with << will be higher than air conduction line
Sensorineural hearing loss – This shows hearing loss at high frequencies, because we had to increase decibels for the patient to hear the sound.

11. What interventions are available for patients with hearing loss?
What are the bioethical concerns related to the use of cochlear implant technology?

12. Interventions for conductive Interventions for sensorineural
Surgery and antibiotics
Interventions for sensorineural
Hearing aids, sign language, cochlear implants
Cochlear Implants
Wire is put into Cochlea and uses electricity to stimulate nerve
Will destroy any hearing patient may have in that ear
does not completely replicate hearing,
deafness is not seen a disability, but rather another culture and does not need to be “cured”

13. MI Unit 1.4 Review

14. What is vaccination? How does a vaccine activate the body’s immune system?
The body is presented a dead or weakened form of the pathogen to expose the immune system to the antigen.
allows the B-cell to produce antibodies and memory cells.
when the body is exposed to the antigen again the immune system will be able to fight off the infection.

15. How has vaccination impacted disease trends in our country?

16. What methods are used to produce vaccines in the laboratory?
Similar Pathogen
Attenuated
Killed
Toxoid
Subunit
Naked DNA
2 goals for every vaccine
Contains Antigen so we can produce antibodies
Pathogen will not be harmful

17. Similar Pathogen Vaccine
Insert a similar pathogen to what you want to vaccinate against. This pathogen is not as harmful to humans as the pathogen you are vaccinating against. It contains a similar enough antigen that we can develop antibodies to kill the pathogen.

18. Attenuated Vaccine
Pathogen is grown under non ideal conditions for several generations, causing the pathogen to evolve. Due to natural selection the pathogen is now adapted to the new environment. When placed in humans they still have the antigens, but will be weak in the body’s environment so they will not harm.

19. Toxoid Vaccine Killed Vaccine
Pathogen is killed due to heat or radiation and inserted into the body. The dead pathogen still contains antigens, but will not be able to reproduce and cause harm.
Toxoid Vaccine
Grow pathogen and collect the toxins. Inject toxins into the person with another vaccine and the body will build up an immunity.

20. Subunit Vaccine
Gene for antigen from pathogen is put onto a plasmid and inserted into another organism. This organism can produce the antigen, which is used to produce the vaccine.

21. Naked DNA Vaccine
Gene for antigen from pathogen is put onto a plasmid and inserted into a bacteria to replicate the plasmid. The plasmid is purified and placed into the body. The body cells can uptake the DNA and begin making the antigen.

22. What is recombinant DNA technology
What is recombinant DNA technology? What are the molecular tools used to assemble recombinant DNA?
Restriction Enzymes cut DNA and open Plasmid
Ligase connect DNA fragment to plasmid at the sticky ends
This forms a recombinant plasmid that has a specific gene in it.

24. How can engineered plasmids be inserted into bacterial cells
How can engineered plasmids be inserted into bacterial cells? How can recombinant DNA and bacterial cells be used to produce vaccines?
The recombinant plasmid is made and inserted into the bacteria via transformation.
The bacteria can express the gene that was placed into the plasmid to produce the necessary antigen for the vaccine.

26. What is epidemiology? How can epidemiologists assist with the detection, prevention, and treatment of both chronic and infectious disease?
Epidemiology is the study of the spread, cause, and effects of diseases in certain populations.
They analyze data, conduct surveys, and perform tests, to identify the cause and spread of the disease. They develop informative tools and use preventative measures to stop the spread of the disease.