1. Climate Change

2. Questions  Are global warming and climate change the same thing?  What is the difference between climate and weather?  What is the greenhouse effect?  What is the most abundant greenhouse gas?  Is climate change real?  What evidence is there for climate change?  Does the hole in the ozone layer cause climate change?  Are global warming and climate change the same thing?  What is the difference between climate and weather?  What is the greenhouse effect?  What is the most abundant greenhouse gas?  Is climate change real?  What evidence is there for climate change?  Does the hole in the ozone layer cause climate change?

3. What’s the Difference?  Global Climate Change –Any significant change in measures of climate (temperature, precipitation or wind) lasting for an extended period (decades or longer).  Global Warming –Average increase in the temperature of the atmosphere, which can contribute to changes in global climate patterns.  Global Climate Change –Any significant change in measures of climate (temperature, precipitation or wind) lasting for an extended period (decades or longer).  Global Warming –Average increase in the temperature of the atmosphere, which can contribute to changes in global climate patterns.

4. Weather vs. Climate  Weather –Short-term (minutes to months) changes in the atmosphere  Climate –Long-term average pattern of weather in a particular area –Typically use 30 years of data  Weather –Short-term (minutes to months) changes in the atmosphere  Climate –Long-term average pattern of weather in a particular area –Typically use 30 years of data

5. Greenhouse Gases  Water Vapor: 0-4%  Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ): 0.036%  Methane (CH 4 ): 0.00017%  Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O): 0.00003%  CFC’s  Water Vapor: 0-4%  Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ): 0.036%  Methane (CH 4 ): 0.00017%  Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O): 0.00003%  CFC’s

6. Greenhouse Effect Earth’s average temperature would be 0 ºF without the greenhouse effect compared to the average temperature of 60 ºF that we experience

7. Global Energy Budget

8. Evidence

9. Carbon Dioxide Levels in Relation to Global Temperature

10. DEALING WITH GLOBAL WARMING  Climate change is such a difficult problem to deal with because: –The problem is global. –The effects will last a long time. –The problem is a long-term political issue. –The harmful and beneficial impacts of climate change are not spread evenly. –Many actions that might reduce the threat are controversial because they can impact economies and lifestyles.  Climate change is such a difficult problem to deal with because: –The problem is global. –The effects will last a long time. –The problem is a long-term political issue. –The harmful and beneficial impacts of climate change are not spread evenly. –Many actions that might reduce the threat are controversial because they can impact economies and lifestyles.

11. DEALING WITH GLOBAL WARMING  Two ways to deal with global warming: –Mitigation that reduces greenhouse gas emissions. –Adaptation, where we recognize that some warming is unavoidable and devise strategies to reduce its harmful effects.  Two ways to deal with global warming: –Mitigation that reduces greenhouse gas emissions. –Adaptation, where we recognize that some warming is unavoidable and devise strategies to reduce its harmful effects.

12. Fig. 20-14, p. 481 Cut fossil fuel use (especially coal) Shift from coal to natural gas Improve energy efficiency Shift to renewable energy resources Transfer energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies to developing countries Reduce deforestation Use more sustainable agriculture and forestry Limit urban sprawl Reduce poverty Slow population growth Remove CO 2 from smoke stack and vehicle emissions Store (sequester) CO2 by planting trees Sequester CO 2 deep underground Sequester CO 2 in soil by using no-till cultivation and taking cropland out of production Sequester CO 2 in the deep ocean Repair leaky natural gas pipelines and facilities Use animal feeds that reduce CH 4 emissions by belching cows Solutions Global Warming PreventionCleanup

13. DEALING WITH GLOBAL WARMING  Governments can tax greenhouse gas emissions and energy use, increase subsidies and tax breaks for saving energy, and decrease subsidies and tax breaks for fossil fuels.  A crash program to slow and adapt to global warming now is very likely to cost less than waiting and having to deal with its harmful effects later.  Governments can tax greenhouse gas emissions and energy use, increase subsidies and tax breaks for saving energy, and decrease subsidies and tax breaks for fossil fuels.  A crash program to slow and adapt to global warming now is very likely to cost less than waiting and having to deal with its harmful effects later.

14. International Climate Negotiations: The Kyoto Protocol –Treaty on global warming which first phase went into effect January, 2005 with 189 countries participating. –It requires 38 participating developed countries to cut their emissions of CO 2, CH 4, and N 2 O to 5.2% below their 1990 levels by 2012. –Developing countries were excluded.  The U.S. did not sign, but California and Maine are participating.  U.S. did not sign because developing countries such as China, India and Brazil were excluded. –Treaty on global warming which first phase went into effect January, 2005 with 189 countries participating. –It requires 38 participating developed countries to cut their emissions of CO 2, CH 4, and N 2 O to 5.2% below their 1990 levels by 2012. –Developing countries were excluded.  The U.S. did not sign, but California and Maine are participating.  U.S. did not sign because developing countries such as China, India and Brazil were excluded.

15. Key Indicators  Sea Level  Carbon Dioxide Concentration  Global Surface Temperature  Artic Sea Ice  Land Ice  Sea Level  Carbon Dioxide Concentration  Global Surface Temperature  Artic Sea Ice  Land Ice

16. Evidence  Sea Level Rise –Global sea level rose 17 cm (6.7 in.) in the last century –Rate in the last decade nearly double that of the last century  Global Temperature Rise –Earth has warmed since 1880 with most of warming occurring since the 1970s –20 warmest years occurred since 1981 –10 warmest years occurred in the past 12 years.  Sea Level Rise –Global sea level rose 17 cm (6.7 in.) in the last century –Rate in the last decade nearly double that of the last century  Global Temperature Rise –Earth has warmed since 1880 with most of warming occurring since the 1970s –20 warmest years occurred since 1981 –10 warmest years occurred in the past 12 years.

17. Evidence  Warming Oceans –Top 700 m (2,300 ft) of ocean showing warming of 0.302 °F since 1969  Shrinking Ice Sheets –Greenland: lost 150-250 km 3 (36-60 cubic miles) of ice per year between 2002 and 2006 –Antarctica: lost 152 km 3 (36 cubic miles) of ice between 2002 and 2005  Warming Oceans –Top 700 m (2,300 ft) of ocean showing warming of 0.302 °F since 1969  Shrinking Ice Sheets –Greenland: lost 150-250 km 3 (36-60 cubic miles) of ice per year between 2002 and 2006 –Antarctica: lost 152 km 3 (36 cubic miles) of ice between 2002 and 2005

18. Evidence  Declining Arctic sea ice –Extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over last several decades  Glacial retreat –Retreating almost everywhere around the world including Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska and Africa  Declining Arctic sea ice –Extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over last several decades  Glacial retreat –Retreating almost everywhere around the world including Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska and Africa

19. Evidence  Extreme Events –Number of record high temps increasing since 1950 –Number of record low temperature decreasing since 1950 –Increasing numbers of intense rainfall events  Ocean Acidification –CO 2 content of oceans increasing since 1750 –Currently increasing 2 billion tons per year –Increased ocean acidity by about 30%  Extreme Events –Number of record high temps increasing since 1950 –Number of record low temperature decreasing since 1950 –Increasing numbers of intense rainfall events  Ocean Acidification –CO 2 content of oceans increasing since 1750 –Currently increasing 2 billion tons per year –Increased ocean acidity by about 30%

20. NASA Interactives  http://climate.nasa.gov/interactives/ http://climate.nasa.gov/interactives/  http://climate.nasa.gov/interactives/ http://climate.nasa.gov/interactives/

21. IPCC  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change  Group of scientist from around the world that review and assess information on climate change  Climate models and projections  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change  Group of scientist from around the world that review and assess information on climate change  Climate models and projections

22. Projections for North America  Decreasing snowpack in the western mountains  5-20% increase in yields of rain-fed agriculture in some regions  Increased frequency, intensity and duration of heat waves  Decreasing snowpack in the western mountains  5-20% increase in yields of rain-fed agriculture in some regions  Increased frequency, intensity and duration of heat waves

23. Projections for Latin America  Gradual replacement of tropical forest by savannah in eastern Amazon  Risk of significant biodiversity loss through species extinction in many tropical areas  Significant changes in water availability for human consumption, agriculture and energy generation  Gradual replacement of tropical forest by savannah in eastern Amazon  Risk of significant biodiversity loss through species extinction in many tropical areas  Significant changes in water availability for human consumption, agriculture and energy generation

24. Projections for Europe  Increased risk of inland flash floods  More frequent coastal flooding and erosion  Glacial retreat in mountainous areas  Reduced snow cover and winter tourism  Extensive species losses  Reductions of crop productivity in S. Europe  Increased risk of inland flash floods  More frequent coastal flooding and erosion  Glacial retreat in mountainous areas  Reduced snow cover and winter tourism  Extensive species losses  Reductions of crop productivity in S. Europe

25. Projections for Africa  By 2020, 75-250 million people are projected to be exposed to increased water stress  Yields from rain-fed agriculture could be reduced by up to 50% in some regions by 2020  Agricultural production, including access to food, may be severely compromised  By 2020, 75-250 million people are projected to be exposed to increased water stress  Yields from rain-fed agriculture could be reduced by up to 50% in some regions by 2020  Agricultural production, including access to food, may be severely compromised

26. Projections for Asia  Freshwater availability projected to decrease by 2050  Coastal areas at risk for increased flooding  Death rate from disease associated with floods and droughts expected to rise  Freshwater availability projected to decrease by 2050  Coastal areas at risk for increased flooding  Death rate from disease associated with floods and droughts expected to rise

27. Wisconsin’s Climate 1950-2006  Average temperature increased 1.5 º F  Greatest amount of warming in winter and spring, especially NW Wisconsin  Nighttime lows warming faster than daytime highs, especially in summer  Decline in extremely cold winter nights, especially in NW Wisconsin  Date of last spring freeze occurring 6-20 days earlier  Date of first fall freeze occurring 3-8 days later  Growing season increased up to 4 weeks  Annual average precipitation increased 15% although parts of the N became drier  Average temperature increased 1.5 º F  Greatest amount of warming in winter and spring, especially NW Wisconsin  Nighttime lows warming faster than daytime highs, especially in summer  Decline in extremely cold winter nights, especially in NW Wisconsin  Date of last spring freeze occurring 6-20 days earlier  Date of first fall freeze occurring 3-8 days later  Growing season increased up to 4 weeks  Annual average precipitation increased 15% although parts of the N became drier

28. Wisconsin’s Future Climate Projections  4-9ºF increase by mid-21st Century  Warming most pronounced in winter  Fewer extremely cold winter nights and more hot summer days  Probability of greater than 3 in. rainstorms will increase during spring and fall  4-9ºF increase by mid-21st Century  Warming most pronounced in winter  Fewer extremely cold winter nights and more hot summer days  Probability of greater than 3 in. rainstorms will increase during spring and fall

29. Projected Change in the Frequency of 2" Precipitation Events (days/decade) from 1980 to 2055 Projected Change in the Frequency of 90 ºF Days Per Year from 1980 to 2055

30. Projected Change in Annual Temp from 1980 to 2055 Projected Change in Average Winter Temp from 1980 to 2055

31. Ice Cover on Madison Lakes  http://climatewisconsin.org/story/ice-cover http://climatewisconsin.org/story/ice-cover  http://climatewisconsin.org/story/ice-cover http://climatewisconsin.org/story/ice-cover

32. Temperature Change  http://climatewisconsin.org/story/temperatur e-change

33. Shipping on the Great Lakes  http://climatewisconsin.org/story/great-lakes- shipping http://climatewisconsin.org/story/great-lakes- shipping  http://climatewisconsin.org/story/great-lakes- shipping http://climatewisconsin.org/story/great-lakes- shipping