1. Altered States of Consciousness pt. 1 (2-4%)
Engage Hyper Link

2. Why is sleep important? To rest and repair (physically and mentally)
To consolidate memories and skills
Necessary for brain development
Protective

3. Biological Rhythms
Circadian Rhythm is our 24 hour biological clock.
Our body temperature and awareness changes throughout the day.
Annual Cycles: seasonal variations (bears hibernation, seasonal affective disorder)
28 day cycles: menstrual cycle.
24 hour cycle: our circadian rhythm or 25 hours?
90 minute cycle: sleep cycles.

4. Circadian Rhythms Many of our behaviors display rhythmic variation.
One cycle lasts about 24 hours (e.g. sleep-waking cycle).
Light is an external cue that can set the circadian rhythm.
Some circadian rhythms are endogenous suggesting the existence of an internal (biological) clock.

5. Biological 􀂄 Environmental cues
􀂄 When darkness falls, the eyes indirectly inform the
pineal gland (responsible for the body’s natural
cycles and registering light and darkness).
􀂄 The pineal gland secretes the hormone melatonin
in response to darkness, making us drowsy. This
affects the brain cells which produce Serotonin, a
sleep-related transmitter substance.
􀂄 The serotonin is concentrated in the Raphe Nuclei
(near the pons), which secrete a substance that
acts to induce light sleep.

6. Biological

7. Measuring Sleep Changes
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
Beta Waves: Small fast waves associated with alertness and awakeness
Alpha Waves: Large, slow waves associated with relaxation and falling asleep

8. Avoid Sleep Saboteurs

9. Sleep Stages There are 5 identified stages of sleep.
It takes about minutes to pass through the 5 stages.
The brain’s waves will change according to the sleep stage you are in.
The first four sages and know as NREM sleep..
The fifth stage is called REM sleep.

10. Stages of Sleep
Stage 1: Alpha and theta waves produced in light sleep
Hypnic Jerk: Reflex muscle twitch throughout body that may occur
Stage 2: Deeper sleep; sleep spindles (distinctive brain-wave activity of half second or longer)
Stage 3: Deeper sleep; Delta waves appear (very large and slow), breathing regular, BP falls.
Stage 4: Deepest level of normal sleep; almost purely Delta waves (50%) – less blood flow to the brain

11. Stage Five: REM SLEEP REM: Rapid Eye Movement
This is a very active stage of sleep.
Composes % of a normal nights sleep.
Breathing, heart rate and brain wave activity quicken.
Vivid Dreams can occur.
From REM, you go back to Stage 2

12. States of Sleep (REM & Non-REM)
Non-REM (NREM) Sleep: Occurs during stages 1, 2, 3, and 4; no rapid eye movement occurs.
Rapid Eye Movements (REM): Associated with dreaming; sleep is very light.
REM Behavioral Disorder.

13. How much sleep do we need?
We all need different amounts of sleep depending on our age and genetics.
But we ALL sleep- about 25 years on average.
How do you feel when you don’t get enough sleep?

14. Theories of Dreaming
Psychoanalytic: Dreams represent disguised symbols of repressed desires and anxieties.
Manifest versus latent content
Biological: Dreams represent random activation of brain cells during sleep.
Cognitive: Dreams help to sift and sort the events of the day.
© 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E

15. Theories of Sleep Repair/Restoration
Sleep allows for recuperation from physical, emotional, and intellectual fatigue
Survival Value
Sleep evolved to conserve energy and protect our ancestors from predators
Necessary for brain development
To twitch??
The young twitch more

16. The Science of Sleep pt. ½ 60 minutes

17. The Science of sleep pt. 2/2 60 minutes

18. Dreams
A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind.
Manifest Content: the remembered storyline of a dream. (what the man thinks it is)
Latent Content: the underlying meaning of a dream. (what your dream really means)

19. Manifest content Man, “what’s wrong?” Woman, “nothing.”
What a man thinks it means.
Man, “what’s wrong?”
Woman, “nothing.”
Man thinks that nothing is wrong!!

20. Latent Content What does it really mean?
Dream Interpretation

21. WHY DO WE DREAM!? Activation-synthesis hypothesis: Problem Solving
Dreams represent random activation of brain cells during REM sleep
Problem Solving
Dreams focus on the problems we have in an attempt to find a solution
Threat simulation
Dreams evolved to help us practice skills we need to avoid threats.

22. Freud’s wish-fulfillment Theory
Dreams are the key to understanding our inner conflicts.
Ideas and thoughts that are hidden in our unconscious.
Manifest and latent content

23. “Sometimes, a cigar is just a cigar.”
Wish Fulfillment –
Freud’s DreamTheory…
A.K.A. Psychoanalytic theory: Dreams represent disguised symbols of repressed desires and anxieties
Manifest Content: symbols used to disguise true meaning of dream
Latent Content: true unconscious meaning of a dream
“Sometimes, a cigar is just a cigar.”
- Freud, on the
meaning of dreams

24. Conscious
Subconscious
Unconscious

25. Information-Processing Theory
Dreams act to sort out and understand the memories that you experience that day.
REM sleep does increase after stressful events.

26. Physiological Function Theories
Activation-Synthesis Theory:
during the night our brainstem releases random neural activity, dreams may be a way to make sense of that activity.

27. Lucid Dreaming

28. Sleep Duration in Mammals

29. Functions of Sleep REM Sleep: Non-REM sleep
Consolidation of new memories
Role in learning
Absent in lower mammals
Non-REM sleep
People deprived of all sleep show greater time spent in non-REM sleep the next night.

30. Effects of Sleep Deprivation
Reduced immunity
Mood alteration
Reduced concentration and motivation
Increased irritability
Lapses in attention
Reduced motor skills

31. Sleep Disorders
Sleepwalking (Somnambulism): Occurs in NREM sleep during Stages 3 and 4
Sleeptalking: Speaking while asleep; occurs in NREM sleep
Night Terrors: Total panic and hallucinations may occur
Sleep Apnea: Interrupted breathing during sleep; cause of very loud snoring

32. Sleep Cataplaxy

33. Sleep Apnea
A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakening.

34. Night Terrors
A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified.
Occur in Stage 4, not REM, and are not often remembered.

35. Sleepwalking
Sleepwalking is a sleep disorder effecting an estimated 10 percent of all humans at least once in their lives.
Sleep walking most often occurs during deep non-REM sleep (stage 3 or stage 4 sleep) early in the night.

36. Sleepwalking
The sleep walking activity may include simply sitting up and appearing awake while actually asleep, getting up and walking around, or complex activities such as moving furniture, going to the bathroom, dressing and undressing, and similar activities. Some people even drive a car while actually asleep. The episode can be very brief (a few seconds or minutes) or can last for 30 minutes or longer.
One common misconception is that a sleep walker should not be awakened. It is not dangerous to awaken a sleep walker, although it is common for the person to be confused or disoriented for a short time on awakening. Another misconception is that a person cannot be injured when sleep walking. Actually, injuries caused by such things as tripping and loss of balance are common for sleep walkers.

37. Insomnia Insomnia is the inability to fall asleep.
It is common problem that most people
experience at least occasionally.

38. Dyssomnias
Sleep apnea: person stops breathing and is awakened when blood levels of carbon dioxide stimulate breathing
Narcolepsy: Sleep appears at odd times
Sleep attack: urge to sleep during the day
Cataplexy: REM paralysis occurs, person is still conscious

39. Narcolepsy
It is a condition that causes patients to fall asleep uncontrollably throughout the day for periods lasting less than a minute to more than half an hour.

40. Hypnosis
Crime recall - Improves recall, more sure, but sometimes more distorted
Age regression
Past-life regression

41. Hypnosis Hypnosis is an altered state of heightened suggestibility.
The hypnotic state is characterized by:
Narrow and focused attention
Imagination
Passive receptive attitude
Reduced reaction to pain
Heightened suggestibility

42. Myths of Hypnosis People can be hypnotized against their will.
People will do immoral things while hypnotized.
Hypnosis improves memory recall.
Hypnotized persons have special strength.
Hypnosis is fake.

43. Altered States
Meditation refers to a set of techniques that promote a heightened sense of awareness.
can involve body movements and posture, focusing of attention on a focal point, or control of breathing
can induce relaxation, lower blood pressure, and can be associated with a sense of euphoria

44. Day Dreaming

45. Why do we daydream? They can nourish our social development.
They can help us prepare for future events.
They can nourish our social development.
Can substitute for impulsive behavior.

46. Part Two: DRUGS Drugs: Engage Hyperlink:

47. Drugs Psychoactive Drug: Substance capable of altering behavior
Stimulant: Substance that increases activity in body and nervous system
Depressant: Substance that decreases activity in body and nervous system
Hallucinogen: Substance that alters or distorts sensory perceptions

48. Drug Tolerance Tolerance
After repeated
exposure, more
drug is needed
to produce
same effect
Drug dose
Drug
effect
Response to
first exposure
Tolerance
Decrease in effect of a drug with repeated use…

49. Physical & Psychological Dependence
Physical Dependence: Addiction based on drug tolerance and withdrawal symptoms
Drug Tolerance: Reduction in body’s response to a drug
Withdrawal Symptoms: Physical illness following withdrawal of the drug
Psychological Dependence: Drug dependence based on psychological or emotional needs

50. Stimulants
Amphetamines (Speed)
Cocaine
Crack
“the crash”

51. Caffeine Most frequently used psychoactive drug
Causes hand tremors, sweating, talkativeness, tinnitus, suppresses fatigue or sleepiness, increases alertness
Caffeinism: Physiological dependence on caffeine
Withdrawal: Insomnia, irritability, loss of appetite, chills, racing heart, elevated body temperature

52. Nicotine Natural stimulant found mainly in tobacco
May cause stomach pain, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, tremors
Highly Addictive
Responsible for 97% of lung cancer deaths in men, 74% in women

54. What is in a cigarette?

55. Second-hand smoke

56. Depressants Alcohol: NOT a stimulant but DOES lower inhibitions
BBC's Horizon Is alcohol worse
Barbiturates: Sedative drugs that depress brain activity
Induce sleep, promote talkativeness, social interaction
Benzodiazepines : Lower anxiety & tension
Safer than Barbiturates
Rohypnol: Related to Valium; lowers inhibitions and produces relaxation or intoxication. Larger doses can induce short-term amnesia and sleep
Drug Interaction: One drug increases the effect of another
GHB: depressant that relaxes and sedates; combination of degreasing solvent and drain cleaner
Alcohol: NOT a stimulant but DOES lower inhibitions
Depressant-impacts glutamate, serotonin and dopamine
Binge Drinking: Five or more drinks in a short time; four or more for women - Serious sign of alcohol abuse

57. Involved in up to 60% of all crimes.

58. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Dawn Farm Education Series Oct 25, 2007

59. Don't Drink and Drive

60. Depressants Opiates Heroin and morphine
Addition comes fast and the withdrawal symptoms are bad

61. Treatment for Alcohol Abuse and Dependence
Detoxification: Withdrawal of the person from alcohol; occurs in a medical setting and is tightly controlled; often necessary before long-term treatment begins
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA): Worldwide self-help organization composed of recovering alcoholics; emphasizes admitting powerlessness over alcohol usage and wanting to recover.

62. Some Health Risks of Using Marijuana
Causes precancerous changes in lung cells.
Can suppress immune system, perhaps increasing risk of disease.
Activity levels in the cerebellum are lower than normal in pot users.
Pot may damage some of the brain’s memory centers.