1. Mr. Atsushi Hanatani Senior Research Fellow JICA Research Institute Japan International Cooperation Agency Session 2.1.2. Accelerating WASH Reform and Improving Governance Japan’s experience with promoting improved O&M governance in Africa

2. Japan’s contribution to Water Supply and Sanitation Sector (2003-2005) 200320042005Total% Japan1,0397091,9383,68737% US1069551,0172,07721% Germany3504244021,17612% Netherland1121472575165% Denmark572491764825% France1691761144585% Others5223796121,51315% DAC Total2,3563,0394,5159,910100% Million USD Source: OECD/DAC ・ CRS Database

3. Japan’s contribution to Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Million USD Japan USA Germany Netherland Denmark France Year

4. Regional Distribution of JICA’s cooperation in Water Supply and Sanitation (1998-2007) Technical Assistance Total USD 978 million Grant Aid Projects Total USD 1,840 million

5. No. of Water Supply Facilities Constructed by Japan (1993-2007) in Africa FACILITY TYPEQT. Borehole fitted with Handpump 10,898 Piped Water Supply System 917 TOTAL11,815

6. Sector Reform and O&M in Africa - Sustainability in Question - A follow-up survey in Zambia by JICA indicates 30% of the RWS facilities are down (14% for those assisted by Japan) and approx. 30-50% are assumed to be in trouble in Africa (RWSN 2004 & 2005) Positive sign - issues of O&M of RWS facilities has attracted attention in Sector Programme and Sector Reform Historically, limited government involvement in O&M esp. in East and Southern Africa, and lesser public involvement in Western Africa Main approaches of O&M: Decentralisation and Privatisation Hasty reform without sound assessment of capacity at different levels (public, private and local) is causing confusion in some countries

7. Support by JICA for improved O&M Governance in Africa Technical cooperation support provided by JICA focusing on O&M system improvement and capacity development in 9 African countries –Burkina Fasso –Ethiopia –Madagascar –Mozambique –Sierra Leone –Senegal –Rwanda –Tanzania –Zambia

8. Issues and Concerns Inefficiency in water service delivery feared to be caused by: –engagement of unqualified private enterprises as O&M service providers mixed with inadequate supervision by government –excessive retrenchment of public sector technical personnel and budget reduction, further aggravating government supervisory and technical backstopping capacity –increased water tariff in less-populated area to justify economic feasibility of privatization of O&M services Culminating in reduced sustainability of water supply as well as inequitable access of safe water to the poor and the less-advantaged in the society

9. JICA’s Approach to Support Improved O&M Governance in Africa In Senegal, Supporting government policy of promoting participatory user group (“ASUFOR”) formation by strengthening their technical and management capacity; Enhancing monitoring and technical backstopping capacity of the government agencies to better support ASUFOR; and Advocating differentiated approach of privatization according to the size and the existing O&M capacity of the community

10. JICA’s Approach to Support Improved O&M Governance in Africa In Zambia, Supporting RWS sector reform in terms of improved O&M framework by establishing O&M guidelines to be used by all stakeholders; Strengthening supply chain network of handpump spare parts by entrusting municipal water corporations to function as stockist and retail shops for rural communities; and Training village mechanics (“area pump menders”) to enhance their technical skills of repairing handpumps

11. Sound assessment of stakeholder capacity is a must before making decisions on the scope, contents and the pace of major reform in O&M system Provision of options for the beneficiaries to choose from is also important in terms of facility management structure and the scope and the pace of privatization Gradual and differentiated approach taking full recognition of the context may prove right in advancing further governance reform in RWS sector Implications and Insights