1. 1 Te Mata o te Tau Academy for Māori Research & Scholarship INDIGENEITY, THE STATE, AND THE GOALS OF MĀORI DEVELOPMENT Mason Durie

2. 2 States and Indigenous Peoples  Equality and resistance to assimilation  Cession or greater power-sharing  Nation within a nation  Autonomy within the State  Autonomy based on territory or populations  Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (1993)

3. 3 Māori and the State  Treaty of Waitangi (1840)  sovereignty ceeded to Britain in exchange for guarantees that existing property rights would guarantees that existing property rights would be recognised and Māori individuals would not be recognised and Māori individuals would not be disadvantaged  State perceptions of Māori: Māori as a disadvantaged minority or Māori as an indigenous population

4. 4 1984 reforms State restructuring and a market-led economy  Reduced state expenditure and intervention  Devolution and deregulation  Removal of state subsidies  User pays But also:  Commitment to Treaty of Waitangi

5. 5 Devolution, Deregulation and Māori Aspirations Reduced state dependency Māori autonomy Devolution Tribal re-development Deregulation Māori service delivery By 1995: large numbers of Māori providers in health, education, social services Māori language revitalisation - Kohanga reo

6. 6 Māori Capacity   Workforce development   Mangement expertise   Governance arrangements   New structures to meet commercial and professsional expectations

7. 7 Contracts with Māori Some Concerns of the State  Which organisation should receive government funding ?  distinctions between tribal authorities and non-tribal organisations  processes for mandating  fragmentation of effort in Māori communities

8. 8 Contracts with the State Some Concerns of Māori  sectoral approaches limit Māori preference for integrated development ? Whole of government contracts ? Whole of government contracts  Performance measures that reflect Māori world views e.g. ‘Hua Oranga’ (health outcome measure)  Contracts that can provide for Māori culture, perspectives and communication styles

9. 9 Māori and the Crown  Treaty of Waitangi relationships Māori and the Crown  Settling grievances  Forward planning policy formulation resource allocation priority setting processes for decision-making

10. 10 Māori and the State Contractual Relationships  Measured by the terms of the contract Specified outputs MilestonesBudgetAcountabilities Fee for service

11. 11 Māori - State Relationships  Devolution of function (Contractual relationships) vs  Devolution of authority (Treaty relationships)

12. 12 Treaty Obligations on the State  Obligations to all citizens  Obligations to Māori (arising from the Treaty) Q. How to balance both in a fair and just manner

13. 13 Increasing the capacity of the State to meet Māori objectives  mainstreaming  Biculturalism  active Māori recruitment  delivering effective outcomes

14. 14 Measuring Outcomes  Te Puni Kokiri (Ministry of Māori Development) Framework  Generic outcomes - universal  Māori specific outcomes – unique to Māori  Te Ngahuru – an ‘outcomes’ schema (1)Human capacity – improved particpation as Māori in society (2)Resource capacity – retention and development of Māori resources such as art, land, fisheries

15. 15 Measuring Public Sector Impacts on Māori  Universal measures - reduction in disparities between population groups using generic indicators e.g. life expectancy  Māori specific measures - cultural measures e.g. language usage - measures relating to customary resources e.g. land.

16. 16 Outcome formula Universal Outcomes + Māori Specifc Outcomes = Best Outcomes for Māori

17. 17 Clarifying the rationale for State policies and programmes for Māori  Socio-economic disadvantage ?  Priviledge ?  Righting past wrongs ?  Culture ?  Indigeneous property rights ?  Treaty of Waitangi relationship ?

18. 18 Individual Need as a Basis for Māori Policy  ‘Need is colour blind’  Ethnicity and race are components of social and economic policy in New Zealand and and economic policy in New Zealand and should not be dismissed in favour of should not be dismissed in favour of identical individual need identical individual need  Individual circumstances are not the sum total of Māori aspirations total of Māori aspirations

19. 19 The Challenge: finding the balance Universal rights and obligations Indigenous rights Māori & the State