1. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)1 Transition temperature and Equation of State from RBC-Bielefeld Collaboration Takashi Umeda (BNL) for the RBC - Bielefeld Collaboration Riken Lunch Seminar, BNL, Nov. 9, 2006

2. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)2 Aim of this talk Lattice QCD enable us to perform the first principle calculations of QCD What are necessary to control some systematic uncertainties ? What were insufficient in previous studies ? What are improved in our calculation ? QCD Thermodynamics from Lattice QCD This talk (of first part) is based on our recent publication M.Chen et al., Phys. Rev. D74 (2006) 054507.  T c = 192(7)(4) MeV There is no section for comparison with other group’s results. You should check the Frithjof’s talk in QM2006 !!

3. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)3 Contents of this talk [1] Aim of this talk [2] For the first principle calculation - sources of systematic uncertainties - problem in previous studies [3] Our approach - strategy - choice of lattice action [4] Transition temperature M.Chen et al. Phys.Rev.D74 054507 (2006) [5] Equation of State on going calculation [6] Conclusion These may be important for non-lattice people...

4. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)4 Source of uncertainties We have to control many sources of uncertainties. Dynamical quark effects - Num. of flavors: N f =2+1 increases parameter space - quark masses : lighter quark masses increase comp. cost chiral extrapolation with heavier quarks  source of sys. error Finite volume effects - L 3 = (N s /a) 3 : larger volume increases comp. cost lighter quark mass needs larger volume at T=0 e.g. Lm π ≥ 3-4 Continuum extrapolation (a  0 limit) - the extrapolation has to be performed in scaling region - L 3 = (N s /a) 3 : smaller “a” increase comp. cost Improved actions allow some observables to scale with larger “a” Statistical error Sufficient calculation needs huge computational cost !! but one can compromise some of them depending on aim of study.

5. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)5 Source of uncertainties We have to control many sources of uncertainties. Dynamical quark effects - Num. of flavors: N f =2+1 increases parameter space - quark masses : lighter quark masses increase comp. cost chiral extrapolation with heavier quarks  source of sys. error Finite volume effects - L 3 = (N s /a) 3 : larger volume increases comp. cost lighter quark mass needs larger volume at T=0 e.g. Lm π ≥ 3-4 Continuum extrapolation (a  0 limit) - the extrapolation has to be performed in scaling region - L 3 = (N s /a) 3 : smaller “a” increase comp. cost Improved actions allow some observables to scale with larger “a” Statistical error Sufficient calculation needs huge computational cost !! but one can compromise some of them depending on aim of study.

6. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)6 Case of QCD thermodynamics One can compromise some of them depending on aim of study However, our aim is ”Quantitative study of QCD thermodynamics in Lattice QCD” Some observables are sensitive with N f & m q Study of critical phenomena requires large volume (volume dep.) Determination of transition point requires (very) large statistics Although basic methodology has been established, there is no calculation with systematic uncertainties in a few % level For example, qualitative study of hadron spectroscopy  (quenched/small V/no a  0 limit) are not so bad English must be wrong.........

7. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)7 Previous studies F.Karsch et al., Phys. Lett. B478 (2000) 447. F.Karsch et al., Nucl. Phys. B605 (2001) 579. T c = 173(8) MeV at chiral limit N f = 2 ( N f = 3 : 154(8) MeV ) only N t = 4, no continuum limit pion mass ⋍ 400 – 1000 MeV scale setting by rho meson mass N s /N t = 2 - 4 Improved Staggered quark p4fat3 action These were the first systematic studies for QCD thermodynamics in full QCD !!

8. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)8 Our approach Quantitative study of QCD thermodynamics T c, EoS, phase diagram, small μ, etc... from recent studies, we know these quantities strongly depend on m q & N f These calculations require high performance computers !! N f = 2+1 with physics strange quark mass N t = 4 & 6,  continuum limit pion mass ⋍ 150 – 500 MeV with kaon mass ⋍ 500 MeV scale setting by static quark potential: r 0 (Sommer scale) N s /N t = 2 - 4 Improved Staggered quark : p4fat3 action

9. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)9 Our computers http://quark.phy.bnl.gov/~hotqcd

10. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)10 Choice of Lattice Action gluonic part : Symanzik improvement scheme - remove cut-off effects of O(a 2 ) - tree level improvement O(g 0 ) fermion part : improved Staggered fermion : p4fat3 action - remove cut-off effects & improve rotational sym. - smeared 1-link term improves flavor symmetry Karsch, Heller, Sturm (1999) fat3 p4

11. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)11 Properties of the p4-action The free quark propagator is rotational invariant up to O(p 4 ) Bulk thermodynamic quantities show drastically reduced cut-off effects flavor sym. is also improved by fat link Dispersion relationpressure in high T limit

12. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)12 Contents of this talk [1] Aim of this talk [2] For the first principle calculation [3] Our approach [4] Transition temperature M.Chen et al. Phys.Rev.D74 054507 (2006) - Simulation parameters - Critical β search - Scale setting by static quark potential - Transition temperature - Summary for T c [5] Equation of State on going calculation [6] Conclusion

13. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)13 Simulation parameters Input parameters in Lattice QCD β : ( = 6/g 2 ) gauge coupling (  lattice spacing ) m l : light quark masses ( up & down ) m s : strange quark mass Critical β search at T>0 calculations - N t = 4, m s = 0.065 V = 8 3, 16 3, m l /m s = 0.05-0.4 - N t = 6, m s = 0.04 V = 16 3, m l /m s = 0.1-0.4 about 10 β values 20K – 60K config. for each simulations Scale settings at each criticalβon 16 3 x32 lattices (T=0) Exact algorithm (RHMC) is used (Path integral is rigorously performed  only stat. error). to check m s dependence on T c  N t =4, m s =0.1, m l /m s =0.2-0.5

14. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)14 Critical β search chiral condensate: chiral susceptibility: multi-histogram method (Ferrenberg-Swendson) is used β c are determined by peak positions of the susceptibilities 8 3 x4 Order parameters :

15. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)15 Volume dependence of β c No large change in peak height & position  consistent with crossover transition rather than true transition Reliable calculation of susceptibilities requires large statistics at least tens thousands of trajectories are necessary at T>0

16. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)16 Ambiguites in β c β l, β s : peak position of chiral (strange quark) susceptibility. β L : peak position of Polyakov loop susceptibility - no quark mass dependence - the difference is negligible at 16 3 x4 (N s /N t =4) - the difference at 16 3 x 6 are taken into account as a systematic error in β c 2.5% (N t =4) or 4% (N t =6) error band ↔ 5 or 8 MeV

17. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)17 Scale setting at T=0 Lattice scale is determined by a static quark potential V(r) systematic errors of r 0 and σ  diff. between V 3 (r) & V 4 (r) diff. in various fit range (r min =0.15-0.3fm, r max =0.7-0.9fm) where, r I is the improve dist. Sommer scale : r 0

18. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)18 Critical temperature in units of string tension σ:in units of Sommer scale r 0 : [ fit form dependence  d=1(lower), 2(upper error)] at phys. point, d = 1.08 for O(4), 2nd order 2 for 1st order extrapolation to chiral & continuum limit

19. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)19 T c in physical units Why we use r 0 for scale setting ? [1] We can, of course, use other observables, e.g. m ρ but it is difficult to control stat. & syst. error of m ρ on course lattice [2] r 0 seems to be the best controlled lattice observable for scale setting to determine the T c The physical value of r 0 have been deduced from lattice calculations through a comparison with bottomonium level splitting by MILC Colalb.  also consistent with exp. value in light sector, e.g. f π, f K Finally we obtain T c =192(7)(4)MeV using r 0 =0.469(7)fm determined from quarkonium spectroscopy A. Gray et al. Phys. Rev. D72 (2005) 094507

20. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)20 T c in physical units Why we use r 0 for scale setting ? [1] We can, of course, use other observables, e.g. m ρ but it is difficult to control stat. & syst. error of m ρ on course lattice [2] r 0 seems to be the best controlled lattice observable for scale setting to determine the T c The physical value of r 0 have been deduced from lattice calculations through a comparison with bottomonium level splitting by MILC Colalb.  also consistent with exp. value in light sector, e.g. f π, f K Finally we obtain T c =192(7)(4)MeV using r 0 =0.469(7)fm determined from quarkonium spectroscopy A. Gray et al. Phys. Rev. D72 (2005) 094507 Why we use r 0 for scale setting ? [3] small scaling violation from “a” at T c (N t =4) no significant cut-off dependence when cut-off vaires by a factor 4 T=0 calculations at corresponding lattice spacing for various Temp.

21. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)21 Summary for T c N f =2+1 simulation with almost realistic quark masses at N t =4, 6 transition temperature in our study T c r 0 =0.456(7), ( T c =192(7)(4)MeV using r 0 =0.469(7)fm ) - T c r 0 is consistent with previous p4 result difference in T c mainly comes from physical value of r 0 - however, our value is about 10% larger than MILC result and about 30% larger than Wuppertal group result  you should check Frithjof’s talk in QM2006 - most systematic uncertainties are taken into account remaining uncertainty is in continuum extrapolation toward the finial result from the first principle calculation - remaining uncertainty has to be evaluated with N t =8 and more - consistency with Wilson type fermion (Domain-wall, overlap) results

22. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)22 Contents of this talk [1] Aim of this talk [2] For the first principle calculation [3] Our approach [4] Transition temperature M.Chen et al. Phys.Rev.D74 054507 (2006) [5] Equation of State on going calculation - Integral method - Line of Constant Physics - Interaction measure & Pressure - Summary for EoS [6] Conclusion

23. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)23 Equation of State Equation of State at N t =4 lattices (Nt=6 is on progress) by using Integral method on a Line of Constant Physics (LCP) Preliminary !! T>0 calculations are performed on 16 3 x4 lattices Temp. range is T/Tc = 0.8 – 4.3 (12 data points now) zero temp. subtraction is calculated on 16 3 x32 lattices

24. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)24 Integral method For example: calculation of pressure p for large homogeneous system Lattice QCD can not calculate the partition function however can calculate its derivative high temp. low temp. with p ⋍ 0 One can get p as an integral of derivative of p

25. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)25 Line of Constant Physics Now we have three parameters: β, m l and m s β mqmq The physics (observables) should be kept along the integral path, only lattice spacing (temperature) varies along the path  Line of Constant Physics (LCP) low temp. high temp. parameter space β is only parameter on the LCP m l and m s are function of β

26. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)26 m PS /m K Our approach for LCP We define the LCP to keep ( m PS /m K & m PS r 0 )  two parameters ( ml & ms ) are determined m PS /m K depends on only Δ Δ = m l /m s We consider the LCP with ( m l, Δ) instead of ( m l, m s ) We assume that Δ is constant on our LCP !! high temp.low temp. it reduces comp. cost and source of sys. error

27. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)27 Our approach for LCP The other parameter to determin the LCP : is determined by the condition for ‘m PS r 0 ’ To calculate the interaction measure (ε-3p)/T some beta-functions are needed. calculations of m PS and r 0 at various params.  fits with appropriate ansatz

28. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)28 Our approach for LCP The other parameter to determin the LCP : is determined by the condition for ‘m PS r 0 ’ To calculate the interaction measure (ε-3p)/T some beta-functions are needed. calculations of m PS and r 0 at various params.  fits with appropriate ansatz = 0 on our LCP details are rather technical I skip these steps

29. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)29 Integral method with (m l,Δ) We need beta-functions :

30. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)30 Interaction measure “low” “high” small statistical error with current statistics T>0 : 10,000-30,000 traj. T=0 : 2,000- 9,000 traj. uncertainty of beta-func. is well controlled.

31. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)31 Pressure (dm l /dβ) : e-3p: (dm l /dβ) : Stefan Boltzmann limit at continuum

32. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)32 Summary for EoS N f =2+1 simulation with almost realistic quark masses at N t =4, 6 Equation of state - We calculate EoS on a Line of Constant Physics at N t =4 - using Δ=m l /m s - N t =6 is on progress

33. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)33 Conclusion N f =2+1 simulation with almost realistic quark masses at N t =4, 6 critical temperature T c r 0 =0.456(7), ( T c =192(7)(4)MeV using r 0 =0.469(7)fm ) - most systematic uncertainties are taken into account remaining uncertainty is in continuum extrapolation Equation of state - We calculate EoS on a Line of Constant Physics at N t =4 - using Δ=m l /m s - N t =6 is on progress toward the finial result from the first principle calculation - remaining uncertainty has to be evaluated with N t =8 and more - consistency with Wilson type fermion (Domain-wall, overlap) results

34. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)34 appendix

35. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)35

36. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)36 Contents of this talk Motivation First Principle Calculation ? ( for non-lattice people ) - required processes - status in previous studies Our approach - choice of lattice action - High performance computers Transition temperature M.Chen et al. Phys.Rev.D74 054507 (2006) Equation of State on progress calculation Conclusion

37. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)37 Simulation parameters T=0 scale setting at β c ( N t ) on 16 3 x32 Critical β search at T > 0 (*) conf. = 0.5 MD traj. (*) conf. = 5 MD traj. after thermalization to check m s dependence for Tc Exact RHMC is used.

38. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)38 β & m q dependence of r 0 RG inspired ansatz with 2-loop beta-function R(β) The fit result is used (1) correction for the diff. between β c & simulation β at T=0 (2) conversion of sys. + stat. error of β c into error of r 0 /a A = -1.45(5), B = 1.20(17) C = 0.21(6), D = -2.45(5) χ 2 /dof = 0.9

39. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)39 Contents of this talk Motivation and Approach Choice of lattice action Critical temperature - Simulation parameters - Critical β search - Scale setting by Static quark potential - Critical temperature Equation of State - Line of Constant Physics - Beta-functions - Interaction measure & Pressure Conclusion M.Chen et al. Phys.Rev.D74 054507 (2006)

40. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)40 Line of Constant Physics (LCP) for fixed m PS r 0 at each β(and Δ) The other parameter to determin the LCP : is determined by the condition for ‘m PS r 0 ’ We know a good parametrization: uncertainty remains in a choice of fixed m PS r 0  improved by tuning of input m l fit with Allton inspired ansatz: on LCP

41. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)41 Beta-function -R β - Finally we obtain where

42. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)42 Beta-function -R m - fit of m l on LCP Allton inspired ansatz where

43. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)43 Previous studies F.Karsch et al., Phys. Lett. B478 (2000) 447. F.Karsch et al., Nucl. Phys. B605 (2001) 579. T c = 173(8) MeV at chiral limit N f = 2 ( N f = 3 : 154(8) MeV ) only N t = 4, no continuum limit m q ≥ 0.025 ( pion mass ≥ 360 MeV ) scale setting by rho meson mass N s /N t = 2 - 4 Improved Staggered quark p4fat3 action

44. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)44 Our approach Almost realistic quark masses for 2+1 flavor pion mass ⋍ 150 – 500 MeV with kaon mass ⋍ 500MeV Continuum limit - N t = 4, 6, (8)  a ⋍ 0.24, 0.17, (0.12) fm Choice of quark action  Improved Staggered quark action Scale set by static quark potential : r 0 (Sommer scale) Quantitative study of QCD thermodynamics from first principle calculation (Lattice QCD) T c, EoS, phase diagram, small μ, etc... from recent studies, we know these quantities strongly depend on m q & N f These calculations require high performance computers !!

45. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)45 T c in physical units Finally we obtain T c =192(7)(4)MeV using r 0 =0.469(7)fm determined from quarkonium spectroscopy A. Gray et al. Phys. Rev. D72 (2005) 094507 Why we use r 0 for scale setting ? [3] small scaling violation from a(T c ) to a(4T c ) no significant cut-off dependence when cut-off vaires by a factor 4 T=0 calculations at corresponding lattice spacing for various Temp.

46. Riken Lunch SeminarT.Umeda (BNL)46 Source of uncertainties We have to control many sources of uncertainties. Dynamical quark effects Finite volume effects Continuum extrapolation (a  0 limit) Statistical error