1. The Issue of Biological Essentialism in Art Artemisia Gentileschi and the Image of the Female Hero in Italian Baroque Art

2. Aims Discuss biological essentialism in the Italian baroque. Discuss biological essentialism in the Italian baroque. Show how Gentileschi and her contemporaries interpreted traditional gendered themes and how the interpretations related to ideas of biological essentialism. Show how Gentileschi and her contemporaries interpreted traditional gendered themes and how the interpretations related to ideas of biological essentialism. Show how Gentileschi’s interpretation was markedly different from her contemporaries. Show how Gentileschi’s interpretation was markedly different from her contemporaries.

3. The Issue of Biological Essentialism What is Essentialism? What is Essentialism? What is Biological Essentialism? What is Biological Essentialism?

4. Questions for discussion When art historians discuss major canonical works, they speak of “Old Masters” and “masterpieces.” How do feminists deal with the problems of jargon when writing their own critiques? When art historians discuss major canonical works, they speak of “Old Masters” and “masterpieces.” How do feminists deal with the problems of jargon when writing their own critiques? Why are some figures canonical and others excluded? Gentileschi, Frida Kahlo, Georgia O’Keefe seem to be included in many survey texts. Is there an attempt by art history to counter the historical dominance of male artists to create its own “woman worthies”? What are some problems with classifying figures as ‘major artists,’ i.e. canonical. Why are some figures canonical and others excluded? Gentileschi, Frida Kahlo, Georgia O’Keefe seem to be included in many survey texts. Is there an attempt by art history to counter the historical dominance of male artists to create its own “woman worthies”? What are some problems with classifying figures as ‘major artists,’ i.e. canonical. Holger Maass states that his digitally manipulated photographs are related to ads and TV commercials. To what extent do we witness biological essentialism in modern art or ‘common’ arts such as advertising? What does such art say about our culture? Holger Maass states that his digitally manipulated photographs are related to ads and TV commercials. To what extent do we witness biological essentialism in modern art or ‘common’ arts such as advertising? What does such art say about our culture?

5. Sources Garrard, Mary. Artemisia Gentileschi: the Image of the Female Hero in Italian Baroque Art. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989. Garrard, Mary. Artemisia Gentileschi: the Image of the Female Hero in Italian Baroque Art. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989. Ripa, Cesare. Baroque and Rococo Pictorial Imagery: The 1758-60 Hertel Edition of Ripa’s ‘Iconologia’ with 200 Engraved Illustrations. Ed. Edward A. Maser. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1971. Ripa, Cesare. Baroque and Rococo Pictorial Imagery: The 1758-60 Hertel Edition of Ripa’s ‘Iconologia’ with 200 Engraved Illustrations. Ed. Edward A. Maser. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1971. Grosz, Elizabeth. “Sexual Difference and the Problem of Essentialism.” Inscriptions. Vol 5. “Traveling Theories, Traveling Theorists.” Eds. Faith Beckett, James Clifford, Vivek Dhareshwar, Mary E. John. Santa Cruz, CA: Center for Cultural Studies, 1989. Grosz, Elizabeth. “Sexual Difference and the Problem of Essentialism.” Inscriptions. Vol 5. “Traveling Theories, Traveling Theorists.” Eds. Faith Beckett, James Clifford, Vivek Dhareshwar, Mary E. John. Santa Cruz, CA: Center for Cultural Studies, 1989. “The Nine Worthies.” Heraldica. http://www.heraldica.org/topics/worthies.htm 7 July 2004. “The Nine Worthies.” Heraldica. http://www.heraldica.org/topics/worthies.htm 7 July 2004.http://www.heraldica.org/topics/worthies.htm Image sources: Biological essentialism Biological essentialism www.southalabama.edu/ genderstudies/ www.southalabama.edu/ genderstudies/ Gentileschi’s Susanna and the Elders http://www.kfki.hu/~arthp/html/g/gentiles/artemisi/susanna.html Gentileschi’s Susanna and the Elders http://www.kfki.hu/~arthp/html/g/gentiles/artemisi/susanna.html http://www.kfki.hu/~arthp/html/g/gentiles/artemisi/susanna.html Tintoretto’s Susanna and the Elders http://encarta.msn.com/media_461528469/Susanna_Bathing.html Tintoretto’s Susanna and the Elders http://encarta.msn.com/media_461528469/Susanna_Bathing.html http://encarta.msn.com/media_461528469/Susanna_Bathing.html

6. Sources Orestes Sarcophagus http://mkatz.web.wesleyan.edu/wescourses/2003s/cciv110/01/draft/Background/ background.choephoroi.html Orestes Sarcophagus http://mkatz.web.wesleyan.edu/wescourses/2003s/cciv110/01/draft/Background/ background.choephoroi.html http://mkatz.web.wesleyan.edu/wescourses/2003s/cciv110/01/draft/Background/ background.choephoroi.html http://mkatz.web.wesleyan.edu/wescourses/2003s/cciv110/01/draft/Background/ background.choephoroi.html Michelangelo’s Expulsion From the Garden http://www.abcgallery.com/M/michelangelo/michelangelo34.html Michelangelo’s Expulsion From the Garden http://www.abcgallery.com/M/michelangelo/michelangelo34.html http://www.abcgallery.com/M/michelangelo/michelangelo34.html Gentileschi’s Judith Slaying Holofernes Gentileschi’s Judith Slaying Holofernes http://www.svreeland.com/judith-uffizi.html Caravaggio’s Judith Beheading Holofernes http://www.sepulchritude.com/chapelperilous/decollete/salome/judith- carava01.jpg Caravaggio’s Judith Beheading Holofernes http://www.sepulchritude.com/chapelperilous/decollete/salome/judith- carava01.jpg http://www.sepulchritude.com/chapelperilous/decollete/salome/judith- carava01.jpg http://www.sepulchritude.com/chapelperilous/decollete/salome/judith- carava01.jpg Gentileschi’s Self Portrait as Allegory of Painting http://www.mystudios.com/women/fghij/gentileschi_self.html Gentileschi’s Self Portrait as Allegory of Painting http://www.mystudios.com/women/fghij/gentileschi_self.html http://www.mystudios.com/women/fghij/gentileschi_self.html Maass’s Judith Und Holofernes http://www.podgallery.com/index.cfm/hurl/action=artwork/MSGID=158 Maass’s Judith Und Holofernes http://www.podgallery.com/index.cfm/hurl/action=artwork/MSGID=158 http://www.podgallery.com/index.cfm/hurl/action=artwork/MSGID=158