1. Variables and Constants Objectives F To understand Identifiers, Variables, and Constants

2. Identifiers You need to give a name to something that you will refer to in your program – variables, constants, methods, classes, packages  An identifier is a sequence of characters that consist of letters, digits, underscores (_), and dollar signs ($).  An identifier must start with a letter, an underscore (_), or a dollar sign ($). It cannot start with a digit. F An identifier cannot be a reserved word. (See Appendix A, “Java Keywords,” for a list of reserved words).  An identifier cannot be true, false, or null. F An identifier can be of any length. F Examples: $2, computeArea, area, radius, showMessageDialog F Java is case sensitive. An x and X are different variables

3. Variables Variables are used to store data input, data output, or intermediate data // Compute the first area radius = 1.0; area = radius * radius * 3.14159; System.out.println("The area is “ + area + " for radius “ + radius); // Compute the second area radius = 2.0; area = radius * radius * 3.14159; System.out.println("The area is “ + area + " for radius “ + radius); Note the + symbol is a concatenation operator

4. Declaring Variables Variables are used for representing data of a certain type. To use a variable, you must first declare it. int x; // Declare x to be an // integer variable; double radius; // Declare radius to // be a double variable; char a; // Declare a to be a // character variable;

5. Assignment Statements After a variable is declared, you can assign a value to it using the assignment statement x = 1; // Assign 1 to x; radius = 1.0; // Assign 1.0 to radius; a = 'A'; // Assign 'A' to a;

6. Declaring and Initializing a Variable in One Step F int x = 1; F double d = 1.4; F float f = 1.4; Is this statement correct? If incorrect, what should it be?

7. Note: F In an assignment statement, the data type of the variable on the left must be compatible with the data type on the right F int x = 1.4; //double assigned // to an int Is this statement correct? If incorrect, what should the statement be?

8. Tip: F A variable must be declared before it can be assigned a value. F A variable declared in a method (local variable) must be assigned a value before it is used F Whenever possible declare a variable and assign its initial value in one step. int x = 1;

9. Constants The value of a variable may change during the execution of the program. But a constant represents permanent data that never change. final datatype CONSTANT_NAME = VALUE; final double PI = 3.14159; final int SIZE = 3;

10. Constants Caution A constant must be declared and initialized before it can be used. You cannot change a constant’s value once it is declared. By convention, constants are named in upper case: PI, not pi or Pi

11. Benefits of Constants There are three benefits of using constants: F You don’t have to repeatedly type the same value F The value can be changed in a single location, if necessary F The program is easier to read