1. The Technological World
Exploring How Technical Objects Work

2. Technological World Sub-Units
Engineering
What engineers do
Their tools
Diagrams & documents
Technological Systems
What a system is & its components
Forces and Motion
Types of motion & their origins
Motion transmission & transformation

3. Why do we learn about technology?
How many technological objects have you used today? Make a list.

4. Engineering
What is engineering?
What do engineers do?

5. What is engineering?
Engineering comes from the Latin ingenium meaning “talent” or “ability”.
A branch of science and technology that focuses on the analysis and execution of technological projects such as building bridges, roads, bicycles, cars, televisions, etc.
It is divided into various areas of specialization, including civil engineering, computer engineering, and electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, etc.

6. What do engineers do?
Engineers design, and execute technological projects. They usually work as a team, each member with specialized skills.

7. The Design Process
In industry, the design process consists of 3 phases:
Design – developing a project for purpose of creating a product
Production/manufacturing = all operations resulting in the construction of an object conceived by designers
Marketing = introduces the manufactured object to the people who might need it
Engineers are involved only with the design phase and the first stage of the production process, but they must be aware of the processes involved in marketing & take them into account when designing.

8. A Closer Look at Steps in the Design Process
Identify a need
Analyze the technological problem
Has the problem already been solved? (if yes, present existing solution)
Write a set of specifications
Prepare a design plan
Manufacture a prototype
Test the prototype: does it meet specifications?
Apply for a patent

9. 2. Production: Prepare a manufacturing process sheet
Prepare a flow-process grid
Manufacture the product
Write an instruction manual & maintenance manual

10. 3. Marketing: Market the product Maintain the product
Discard or recycle the product

11. Specifications
A written document called set of specifications (a manual) is prepared before any tech object gets manufactured. It is a report which describes the nature & purpose of the desired product.
It includes:
Function of the object
Requirements for manufacturing, use & maintenance
Standards the object must meet (a set of rules set by specialists)
Object’s characteristics
Manufacturing costs
Completion deadline for each stage
Project’s feasibility (Is the project possible, taking into account timetables, technical knowledge, as well as political & financial situation?)

12. Technical Diagrams Technical diagrams are used in the design phase.
They explain the functioning & essential elements of the object
Used in creating a prototype (the first copy of an object which can serve as a model for testing).
There are several types of technological diagrams. The 2 you will learn about are:
Design plan
Technical drawing (a.k.a construction diagram)

13. Assisted Exercises: Exercise 2: C-Clamp 13
Standard symbols 13
Original material created by
Emmanuel Fournier

14. What are the similarities & differences?
Design Plan for a C-Clamp
Technical Drawing/Construction Diagram for a C-Clamp
Fixed Jaw
Fixed Jaw
Frame
Moveable Jaw
Frame
Moveable Jaw
Handle
Handle
Adjusting Screw
Adjusting Screw F
Materials Legend
Bottom View
Steel 14
Original material created by
Emmanuel Fournier

15. Simple (like a stick figure drawing)
Design Plan
Design Plan is
Simple (like a stick figure drawing)
It explains forces and movements of the technical object
A Design Plan must have the following elements:
1. Different colors for different parts.
Standardized symbols
2. Labels.
3. Motion arrows (skinny)
4. Force arrows (thick)
5. Links and guiding controls. 15

16. Technical Drawing/Construction Diagram
Construction diagram is
Detailed (shows the exact configuration of the object)
It tells you how to build the object in real life.
A Construction Diagram must have
1. Different colors for different parts.
Standardized symbols
2. Labels.
3. Show materials used (with a the bottom)
4. Measurement arrows and extension lines
5. Links and guiding controls. 16

17. Standard Symbols Standard are used in preparing technical diagrams
Can quickly describe motion & links
Illustrate the mechanisms of motion transmission & transformation at work in a device
Are essential so that anyone, anywhere can read the technical diagram with no confusion.

18. Symbols of Movements and of Forces
Standardized symbols
Unidirectional Translation
Tension
Bidirectional Translation
Compression
Unidirectional Rotation
Torsion
Bidirectional Rotation
Shearing
Helical Movement (Rotation and Translation) 17

19. Basic Lines in Technical Drawing

20. Standardized Symbols
Page 10

22. A Design Plan for a pair of scissors
Free in rotation and fixed in translation
Upper Blade F
Shearing
Paper F
A Design Plan:
2. Labels.
3. Movement arrows.
4. Force arrows.
5. Any guidance and links, (if necessary).
1. The parts in different colors.
A Design Plan includes the following elements:
2. The name of the parts (designation).
3. The movements carried out by the parts.
1. The parts represented in different colors.
A Design Plan includes the following elements:
1. The parts represented in different colors. 22
Pivot
2. The name of the parts (designation). F
Lower blade
Bidirectional rotation
The Components (parts)
Movements
Forces 22

23. Technical Drawing/Construction Diagram of a pair of scissors
Upper handle
Upper blade
a. The materials used;
c. Relative size of the components;
1. The pieces making up the technical object:
d. The name of the components.
A Technical Diagram contains the following:
b. The shape of the components;
a. Different colors for diff parts
c. Labels 2:
a. The links between the parts;
b. The guidance between the parts. 1:
d. Size and extension lines
A Technical Drawing :
b. Materials used and legend;
Pivot
Lower blade
Lower handle
Legend of materials
Steel
Plastic 23

24. Exercice 1: Staple Remover
Your Turn
Exercice 1: Staple Remover
Top Lever
Pivot
Spring
Bottom Lever
Symboles normalisés 24
Original material created by
Emmanuel Fournier

25. Assisted Exercises: A Design Plan: 1. The parts in different colors.
Design Plan for a Staple Remover
Technical Diagram/Constuction Diagram of a Staple Remover
A Design Plan:
2. Labels
3. Movement arrows
4. Force arrows
5. Any guidance and links.
1. The parts in different colors.
Top Lever
Protector
Top Lever
Torsion Spring
Pivot
Pivot
Torsion Spring
a. Colors for diff parts;
c. Measurements 2:
a. Links between the parts;
b. Guidance between the parts. 1:
d. Labels
A Construction Diagram:
b. Materials used and legend;
Protector
Bottom Lever
Bottom Lever
Material Legend
Steel
Plastic 25
Original material created by
Emmanuel Fournier

26. Manufacturing Process Sheet
= a document describing every stage in the manufacturing of the object’s parts.
It is usually written by the designers for the producers.
It lists all of the materials & tools to be used; indicates the order of each operation to be performed; tells how much time it will take & how many workers needed.
It is accompanied by another document called a flow-process grid which describes each stage in the assembly process.
These 2 documents are like recipes for making the object.

27. What are Tech Objects Made of?
Raw materials and materials
A raw material is a substance of natural origin that undergoes a transformation.
Raw materials are transformed into materials.
Ex:
Raw Material
Material
Trees
Planks , plywood, paper, etc.
Iron
Steel beams
Sand
Glass
Clay
Ceramics, bricks
Bauxite
Aluminum

28. Categories of Materials & Their Properties

29. Main Categories of Materials Used in Industry
Wood
Ceramics & Glass
Metals
Stone & concrete
Polymers (plastics)
Composites (e.g. fibreglass & plastic combined)
Textiles

30. Equipment
Equipment = any object, instrument, tool or machine that is used to extract or transform raw material, or to manufacture products.

31. Selecting Appropriate Materials
All technical objects are made of 1 or more materials.
Every tech object must be made of appropriate materials if it is to work properly & last.
The selection of suitable materials is determined by the properties of the materials & the stresses (constraints) & deformations to which they will be subjected.
The properties of materials (ex: strength, durability, flexibility, stiffness, malleability, ductility, resistance to corrosion, conductor of heat or electricity, etc.) must be considered before selecting an appropriate one.

32. Technological Systems
Is an assemblage of the following elements designed to accomplish a specific function or task:
Inputs (energy or initial matter)
A transformation process
Outputs (energy or resulting matter)
Ex: A bicycle is a system:
Its function is to support a person’s weight & enable the person to move.
Input = the muscle force required to pedal the bike (your body uses chemical energy in food to enable you to move your muscles)
Transformation
Output = Kinetic energy of the bicycle

33. Inputs & Outputs
In a technological system, the force applied to make the machine work constitutes one of the inputs.
Inputs are anything that enters a system.
Outputs are everything that exits a system.
Inputs can be transformed by the system, or not.
The task that machine performs constitutes a transformation process. The result of the process is an output.

34. Systems Have Subsystems
Systems are made up of several subsystems which interact.
Every subsystem has its own function.
Each subsystem includes several parts called components.
Everything that plays a role in a technical object’s functioning constitutes a component. If one of the components is missing, the system cannot operate properly.
Ex: The subsystems of a bicycle include:
the frame, seat, wheel, transmission, steering, braking, & lighting

35. An Apple Peeler is a Technological System
What are the inputs & outputs?

36. Inputs & Outputs of 2 Systems
Apple Peeler
Dishwasher
Inputs
Initial Material
Apples
Dirty dishes
Water
Dishwasher detergent
Verification & Control Mechanisms
Manual adjustment of the apple
Selection of an automatic wash cycle
Energy Source
Muscle force
Electricity
Outputs
End Material
Peeled apples
Clean dishes
Info given to person using machine
Red light
Waste & Residue
Apple peels
Waste water
Drawbacks
Noise of the system operating

37. Basic Mechanical Functions
A function is the role played by an object, system, subsystem or part.
Basic mechanical functions are at the root of most technical objects. The most frequently used are the link and the guiding control.

38. Links Links are fastening units that connect 2 or more parts.
There are 8 different possible types of links: direct or indirect; rigid or elastic; removable or non-removable; complete or partial.

39. Characteristics of Links
Direct
Indirect
when 2 parts hold together without a linking component
when the parts require a linking component to hold them together
Rigid
Flexible
when the linking component or surfaces of linked parts are rigid
when the linking component or surfaces of linked parts can be deformed. Springs & rubber are often used in flexible links.
Removable
Non-removable
when the linked parts can be separated without damaging either their surfaces or the linking component (if present). Ex: Nuts & screws
when separating the linked parts damages their surfaces or the linking component.
Complete
Partial
when it prevents the linked parts from moving independently of one another
when at least one part can move independently of the other parts.

40. http://www. google. ca/url

41. Test Your Understanding
What kind of links are these?
Handle on paint brush & bristles
Calculator & calculator cover
Hammer handle & head
Write down 4 more examples of your own.

42. Guiding Controls
A guiding control enables an element to move in a certain way.
There are 3 types:
Rotational guiding – allows the part to rotate only (circular or oscillatory rotation).
This type of guiding control generally uses cylindrical parts.
Translational guiding – allows the part to move only in a straight line (rectilinear or alternating).
This type of guiding control generally uses parts in the shape of a rectangular prism.

43. Guiding Controls
3. Helical guiding – ensures the translational motion of a part while it rotates around the same axis.

44. What kind of guiding is it?

45. Write down your own 4 examples of guiding controls, and indicate whether each is rotational, translational or helical guiding.

46. Machines A machine is any device that helps people do work.
A machine does not decrease the amount of work that is done, but it changes the way in which the work is done.
For example, lifting a box by hand, with a ramp, or with a crane.
All mechanical machines, no matter how complex, are made up of any of six simple machines.

47. Simple Machines Machines that use force to make work easier.
Have no or very few moving parts.
They are found in many objects.
There are 6 types:
Lever
Inclined plane
(Screw)
Pulley
Wedge
Wheel & axle

48. Simple Machines Perform 3 Main Functions:
They transmit forces.
They change the direction of the force.
They modify the intensity (size) of the force.

49. Lever
A simple machine used for moving or raising weights centered on a fulcrum (or turning point).
Has 3 components:
Fulcrum: In a lever, a moveable bar rests on a supporting point called a fulcrum (a pivot point).
Load: At one end of the bar is the load, the object to be lifted or moved.
Force: A force must be applied to the other end of the bar.
The portion of the bar between the fulcrum & the force is the lever arm.
The portion of the bar between the fulcrum & the load is called the load arm.

50. Examples of levers:
Hockey stick
Baseball bat
Your arm
Door
Laptop lid

51. 3 Types of Levers
The positions of the lever’s components can be changed.
There are 3 types of levers:
First class
Second class
Third class

53. First Class Levers
The fulcrum is in the middle & the load & force (effort) are on either side.
Ex: see-saw, crowbar, scissors

54. Second Class Lever
The fulcrum is at the end. With the load in the middle.
Ex: wheelbarrow, bottle opener, nutcracker

55. Third Class Lever
The fulcrum is at the end, but the force (effort) is in the middle.
Ex: Tweezers, broom, shovel, fishing rod

56. Inclined Plane Is a flat surface that is higher on one end.
Make work of moving things easier
Ex: ramp, hill, slide, doorstop

57. Screw Is an inclined plane wrapped around a shaft or cylinder.
Allows the screw to move itself when rotated.
Ex: jar lid, light bulb, clamp, jack, wrench, key, rings, spiral stair case

58. Wedge 2 inclined planes joined back to back. Are used to split things.
Ex: chisel, fork, nails, ice scraper, blade of an axe or a knife

59. Wheel & Axle
Is a rod that goes through a wheel which allows the wheel to turn.
Gears are a form of wheels & axle
Ex: Screw driver, roller skates, steering wheel, door knob, electric fan

60. Pulley Is a wheel & axle with a groove around the outside.
Needs a rope, chain, or belt around the groove to make it work.
Ex: top of flag pole, clothes line, on sailboat, blinds, crane

61. There are 2 Types of Pulleys:
Fixed Pulley: is attached to something that holds it steady. It makes work easier by changing the direction of the work.
Moveable Pulley: One end of the rope is fixed & the load is attached to the wheel.

62. Energy Transformation
In technology, we define energy as a system’s capacity to do work, especially to make objects move.
There are many forms of energy, and it is possible to change from one form to another, i.e., to transform energy or convert it.

63. There Are Many Forms of Energy
There are many sources of energy all around you, & you use many to fulfill your needs. Write down as many forms of energy that you can think of.

64. There Are Many Forms of Energy:
Potential Energy = energy an object possesses because of its position above a surface.
a ball you hold has potential energy. If you let it fall, its potential energy transforms into kinetic energy, & it will fall to the ground.
Potential energy is a specific form of mechanical energy.

65. Elastic energy = energy an object possesses when its shape is changed through stretching or compression.
Ex: stretched elastic or compressed spring store elastic energy
When a force ceases to be applied to them, they assume their original shapes
It is a specific form of potential energy.

66. Kinetic Energy = the energy of objects in motion.
Ex: a moving car or bicycle, a tossed ball
It is a specific form of mechanical energy.

67. Radiant Energy = energy that enables you to see objects
Radiant Energy = energy that enables you to see objects. When it hits your eyes, it triggers production of signals which travel to your brain & tells you what you are seeing.
Ex: light bulb, sun, fire
Radiant or radiation energy is a specific form of electromagnetic energy.

68. Electrical energy = energy resulting from the ordered movement of electrons from one atom to another.
Ex: Makes machines like TVs & computers work, used to power lighting & heating systems

69. Magnetic energy = the form of energy that magnets possess due to their positions relative to each other.
Like poles repel each other, opposites attract.
It is a form of potential energy because it depends on the position of the object.

70. Thermal Energy = energy resulting from the random motion of all particles in a substance.
It is present in all objects. When an object has a lot of thermal energy, the object is hot; if it contains very little, it is cold.

71. Chemical Energy = energy stored in molecular bonds
Chemical Energy = energy stored in molecular bonds. It is released during a chemical reaction.
Ex: Chemical energy in gas turns car engines; chemical energy in food is used by your body to do things like move.

72. Nuclear Energy = energy stored in nuclei of atoms
Nuclear Energy = energy stored in nuclei of atoms. Special techniques are required to release the nuclear energy contained in radioactive substances, such as uranium.

73. Acoustic Energy (sound energy) = energy produced when matter vibrates
Acoustic Energy (sound energy) = energy produced when matter vibrates. It makes the ossicles (small bones) in your ears move, which transmit signals to your brain to tell you what you are hearing.

74. Law of Conservation of Energy
States that energy is not created nor destroyed, it is only transformed or changed from one form into another.

75. Mechanisms That Transform Energy
There are different ways of making energy change from one form into another:
Directly:
Ex: Chemical → Kinetic (our muscles convert chemical energy in food you eat to muscle or kinetic energy)
Ex: Chemical → Kinetic (motors use chemical energy in gas & transform it into kinetic energy to make a car run)
Ex: Electrical → Thermal (home heating systems (radiators) convert electrical energy into heat to keep us warm)

76. Indirectly: (involves intermediate steps)
Ex: Steam locomotive
Chemical (burning coal) → Thermal (heats water to make steam) → Kinetic (steam activates pistons, making wheels turn)
Ex: Hydroelectricity
Potential Energy (water held above dam) → Kinetic energy (water flowing through dam turns turbines) → Electrical (turning turbines generates electricity)

77. Efficient Vs. Inefficient Energy Transformation
When energy changes forms, it is never entirely transformed – some is lost to other forms.
To determine the efficiency of an energy system, we can calculate the percentage of energy actually transformed into the desired form.
If a system manages to transform most of the energy, we say it is energy efficient. If not, we say it is energy inefficient.

78. Energy Does not Disappear
Energy that has not taken the desired form has not disappeared, it has simply taken another form.
Ex: Incandescent light bulbs get hot when they are on – so this thermal energy (dissipated heat) is really wasted energy since it is not transformed into light.

79. Forces and Motion
Motion is created by forces. A force is a mechanical action that sets an object in motion.
A force can set something in motion, change its motion, or distort or break something.
In a technological system, motion is either transferred or transformed from one part to another.

80. Forces
Forces are measured in newtons (named after scholar & mathematician Isaac Newton).
Force is measured with a device called a dynamometer (a.k.a. a spring scale).

81. There are 5 basic types of forces: compression, tension, torsion, flexion (or deflection), & shearing (review last set of technology notes for details & examples).

82. Types of Motion
All motion is a combination of the following 4 types of simple motion:
Rectilinear = a straight line, Ex: A skateboard
Alternating = rectilinear in one direction, then the opposite direction, Ex: Trumpet’s piston valves

83. 3. Circular = motion in a curve or circle, Ex: Ferris wheel 4
3. Circular = motion in a curve or circle, Ex: Ferris wheel 4. Oscillatory = back & forth around a central point, Ex: A swing

84. What Triggers Motion?
Motion cannot be triggered on its own. A force is required to provoke it.
Ex: When you let go of an object above the ground, it falls. Gravitational force provoked this motion.

85. What Slows Motion? Forces are also responsible for slowing motion.
Ex: If a person pedals a bike a few times & then stops pedalling, the bike will eventually stop. Friction is the force opposing motion & responsible for stopping it. Friction with air, the moving parts of the bike, & the tires in contact with the ground.

86. Factors Affecting Friction
Type of surface (the material & whether it is smooth or rough)
Temperature
Presence of a lubricant
Shape of object (ex: some profile shapes are more aerodynamic)
Note: Friction is not always something to avoid.

87. Mechanical Systems: Simple Machines Combined
Recall there are 6 simple machines: the lever, inclined plane, screw, pulley, wedge, & wheel & axle.
Two or more simple machines can be combined to create a mechanical system.
Mechanical systems perform work & they often provide an even greater mechanical advantage (can move loads more easily) than a simple machine alone.

88. The Transmission of Motion
Mechanical systems transmit motion from one part to another with the help of various mechanisms.
Transmission mechanisms pass along the same kind of motion, without changing it.
Ex: circular motion to circular motion

89. There are 5 common Motion Transmission Mechanisms
Gears (a.k.a. gear train)
Friction gears (a.k.a. friction wheels)
Pulley
Belt & Pulley
Chain & sprocket

90. Gears
Are interlocking, toothed wheels. If 2 or more are connected it is called a gear train.
2 gears in a set turn in opposite directions to each other.
The gears are not necessarily the same size or orientation (ex: bevelled gears).
Smaller gears turn faster than larger gears.
Examples: inside a clock; a hand drill has gear set with bevel gears.

91. Friction Gears (Wheels)
Are similar to gear trains, but have no teeth. They are touching & the rotational motion of one gear turns the other through friction.
Like all gears, they turn in opposite directions to each other, & smaller wheels turn faster.
Example: A printing press

92. Belt & Pulley
A pulley is a grooved wheel (or several wheels) with a belt around it (them).
When one wheel rotates, the motion is transmitted to the other wheels so that they rotate as well (all circular motion, so it is motion transmission).
Example: Clothesline

93. Chain and Sprocket A chain connects 2 sprockets (gears).
When a force is applied, it causes one of the sprockets to rotate. Since it is connected by a chain to another sprocket, the circular motion gets transmitted to the other sprocket.
The sprockets rotate (same kind of motion) & in the same direction.
Example: Bike pedals are connected with a chain & sprocket.

94. Motion Transformation
Certain mechanisms make it possible to change from one type of motion to another. These mechanisms transform motion.
There are 4 common motion transformation mechanisms:
Connecting Rod & Crank
Cam & Follower
Rack & Pinion
Screw & Nut

95. Connecting Rod & Crank
Transforms circular motion into alternating motion.
Example: In a combustion engine, an explosion pushes a piston which moves a connecting rod.

96. Cam & Follower
Transforms a circular motion into an alternating motion.
A cam can be various shapes. The follower slides on the turning cam. The follower moves closer or farther away depending on the shape of the cam. The follower, therefore, has an alternating motion.
Example: Used in car motors, steam machines & sewing mahines

97. Rack & Pinion
Changes circular motion into rectilinear motion & vice versa.
Is composed of a toothed wheel (the pinion) that moves a toothed bar ( a rack).
Example: a car’s steering system

98. Screw & Nut Transforms circular motion into rectilinear motion.
When a screw (or bolt) turns, the nut moves along the screw in either direction.
Example: A C-clamp, a car jack

99. END

100. Topics on Tech Test Set of specifications Technical Diagrams
Know the differences & similarities between:
Design Plans
Technical drawings (construction diagrams)
Standard symbols
Tech Systems:
Inputs vs. outputs

101. Links: Definition & Types
Direct/indirect
Rigid/flexible
Removable/non-removable
Complete/partial
Guiding Controls
Rotational, translational & helical
Simple machines
Change the way work is done, but not the amount

102. Energy transformations
6 types of simple machines – know some examples of each:
Lever : 1st class, 2nd class, 3rd class
Inclined plane
(Screw)
Pulley
Wedge
Wheel & axle
Energy types: potential, elastic, kinetic, radiant, electrical, magnetic, thermal, chemical, nuclear, acoustic
Energy transformations

103. Law of conservation of energy Forces: Definition, units = Newtons
5 types: compression, tension, torsion, deflection, shearing
Motion
Triggered by forces, gravity
Opposed by friction (including air resistance)
Factors affecting friction
4 types: rectilinear, alternating, circular, oscillatory

104. 5 Motion transmission mechanisms:
Gears (a.k.a. gear train)
Friction gears (a.k.a. friction wheels)
Pulley
Belt & Pulley
Chain & sprocket
4 motion transformation mechanisms:
Connecting Rod & Crank
Cam & Follower
Rack & Pinion
Screw & Nut