1. IEES Dr. Johannes Heeb Bahnhofstraße 2, CH-6110 Wolhusen, Schweiz Phone: +41-(0)79-3666850 Fax: +41-(0)41-4904070 email: johannes.heeb@seecon.ch Network for the Development of Sustainable Approaches for Large Scale Implementation of Sanitation in Africa NETSSAF Coordination Action Proposal/Contract Number: 037099 A Coordination Action supported by the European Commission under the Sixth Framework Programme within the " GLOBAL CHANGE AND ECOSYSTEMS " Programme Starting Date: 1st June 2006 Face-to-Face Training Course “Capacity Building for Ecological Sanitation” Stakeholder Specific Sanitation Needs and Solutions

2. This training material has been compiled by seecon international gmbh and Ecosan Services Foundation (ESF), for face-to-face capacity building courses in the field of ecological sanitation. Following the open-source concept for capacity building and non-profit use, copying is allowed provided proper acknowledgement of the source is made. We apologize in advance if references are missing or are incorrect, and welcome feedback if errors are detected. We encourage all feedback on the composition and content of this training material. Please direct it either to johannes.heeb@seecon.eu or ecosanindia@gmail.com.johannes.heeb@seecon.eu ecosanindia@gmail.com seecon international gmbh Dr. Johannes Heeb Bahnhofstrasse 2, 6110 Wolhusen, Switzerland Phone:+41-(0)79-3666850 Email:johannes.heeb@seecon.eu Web:http://www.seecon.ch/ Ecosan Services Foundation (ESF) Mr. Dayanand Panse "Vishwa Chandra", 1002/42 Rajendra Nagar, Pune – 411030, Maharashtra, India Phone:+91-(0)20-64000736 Email:ecosanindia@gmail.com Web:http://www.ecosanservices.org/ Credits

3. Contents 1.Introduction 2.General Cultural/ Religious Setting 3.Assessment of Stakeholder Groups 4.Stakeholder-Specific Needs & Priorities 5.Mobilisation of Ecosan 6.Implementing ecosan – Lessons Learnt 7.Conclusion: Involvement of all Stakeholders in Decision Making Processes P. Thakur

4. Introduction What is Sanitation System about? A sanitation system is more than the toilet. It has to do with management issues, disposal and potential reuse of treated urine and faeces, grey water discharge, comfort, affordability, health aspects etc. While addressing ecological sanitation following considerations must be addressed: Knowledge to manage ecosan system: respect to agriculture, biogas and hygienic handling of excreta. Feel subjected to societal norms (related to age, sex, societal group, religion, occupation etc.) Vary in valuation according and understanding to gender  The identification & assessment of the local socio-cultural context is always necessary!

5. Interactions of relevant systems in society Water and Sanitation System Educational system Institutional system Housing system Economic system Social system Political system Health system Source: Elisabeth Kvarnström (SEI, Sweden) Introduction

6. Faecophobic or faecophilic culture? Approach: From the general to the specific local context: 1. General Cultural/ Religious Setting 2. Assessment of Stakeholder Groups Which Stakeholder Groups are important when implementing an ecosan system? What are the specific needs and priorities of the involved stakeholders in your project? 1. General Cultural/ Religious Setting 3. Stakeholder- Specific Needs & Priorities Introduction

7. General Cultural/ Religious Setting: Toilet Psychology What is “Toilet Psychology” ? Attitude towards excreta Aesthetic aspects of urine and faeces

8. General Cultural/ Religious Setting: Attitudes Attitudes toward excrement tend to be universal It is vital to understand the psychological processes of waste treatment as much as the biological, chemical and physical processes of the system. Excreta dark defiled Evil - dangerous bad repulsion Perception: emotional response(s). Cognition: rational thoughts Excreta: cast away earthly decay - death soiling harmful -disease -death Behavioral tendency (instinctive): Fear … flight Anger … flight (insult) Disgust … face, but back away Evolution: any other reaction leads to death

9. General Cultural/ Religious Setting: Attitude Development “There is no right or wrong behavior or attitude, except within a given cultural context. But even within the same culture, our behavior can be influenced by a number of factors – and these develop over time.” Negation (of aspects relating to sanitation) evolves with age: Infant: no specific attitudes yet, playful Children: the horrid school toilet -Ridiculed -Phase of shame Adult: Privacy is mandatory -Natural functions become unmentionable -Euphemisms: using the toilet, going to the bathroom, taking care of necessities, relieving oneself etc… Source: Slide copied from (1)

10. General Cultural/ Religious Setting: Behavior Behavior regarding the handling of excreta varies from culture to culture. There are various motivations for using an ecosan system: hygiene soil improvement financial aesthetics comfort status Source: Slide copied from (1)

11. AspectsInfluencesAction neededQuestions to ask Existing environmental conditions Surface water used for drinking, access to bushes for privacy Participatory assessment on environmental aspects supporting sanitation behaviour What environmental conditions influence the options for sanitation? Beliefs, Attitudes (individual) Culture, values, traditions, education, experiences Building on positive and neutral aspects in communication to modify beliefs and values Why does a person want a latrine and what does it mean to have one? Subjective Norms (Community) Family, community, social network, power structure, peer pressure Communication directed at persons of influence in family and community What interest do other people have in latrines or sanitation behaviour? Enabling Factors (inter sectoral) Level of income, appropriateness of sanitation technologies, status of women, environmental conditions Awareness raising on appropriate technologies, capacity building activities in community, skill training What do you need to have a latrine? Behaviour change model (adapted from Hubley, 1993) General Cultural/ Religious Setting: Behavioral Change

12. Science and religion deal with human behavior differently. Science: new concepts, modifies behavior Religion: preserves beliefs, maintains traditions. Conflict arises when science tries to alter religious behaviour Ecosan: holistic approach towards treating human waste –adoption to specific cultural requirements (including religion) Religion major religions -Judeo/Christian -Islam -Hindu -Buddhism General Cultural/ Religious Setting: Religion

13. Use of water for sanitation has generally less to do with physical hygiene than spiritual cleaning (in different religions) Judeo-Christian Water used for purification Bible: Deuteronomy 23:12-13: “And thou shalt have a paddle upon thy weapon; and it shall be, when thou wilt ease thyself abroad, thou shalt dig therewith, and shalt turn back and cover that which cometh from thee.'' Cleanliness did not become a Christian virtue until the 19th cholera epidemic of London. Rev. Henry Moule’s Earth Closet Source: Slide copied from (1) www.jldr.com/crapperloo2.jpg General Cultural/ Religious Setting: Judeo-Christian

14. Moslem doctrine:  strict procedures to limit contact with faecal material (najassa)  a Muslim must use water to cleanse parts of the body through which najassa pass.  doctrines interpreted differently among different movements (reuse): waterless toilets are a tradition in Yemen and Zanzibar (1)  Excreta use after treatment acceptable if the treatment is such that the najassa are removed: composting aquaculture  Untreated wastewater used in some Islamic with extreme water shortage result of economic need and not of cultural preference. Source: (6) Source: Slide copied from (1) General Cultural/ Religious Setting: Islam

15. Hinduism -ritual washing -Different castes are supposed to take on different roles in dealing with waste and excreta  Ecosan systems can be a means to overcome this caste based discrimination  Ecosan systems (i.e. dehydration toilets) can be culturally adapted and are successfully in operation in India Source: Slide copied from (1) General Cultural/ Religious Setting: Hindu

16. Far East:  Intensive cultivation practices evolved to feed large populations: need for careful use of all resources – including excreta. Buddhism  composting excreta 3000 yrs before Buddha  Philosophy absence of religious doctrine not good or bad, but how it is used Source: Slide copied from (1) General Cultural/ Religious Setting: Buddhism

17. Assessment of Stakeholder Groups Faecophobic or faecophilic culture? Approach: From the general to the specific local context: 1. General Cultural/ Religious Setting 2. Assessment of Stakeholder Groups Which Stakeholder Groups are important when implementing an ecosan system? What are the specific needs and priorities of the involved stakeholders in your project? 2. Assessment of Stakeholder Groups 3. Stakeholder- Specific Needs & Priorities

18. Assessment of Stakeholder Groups females males caretakers farmers authorities Professionals NGOs donors/investors children service providers Consultants Stakeholder mapping: “ecosan project” users the elderly handicapped research institutions contractors SHGs CBOs local regional consumers

19. Stakeholder-Specific Needs & Priorities 3. Stakeholder- Specific Needs & Priorities Faecophobic or faecophilic culture? Approach: From the general to the specific local context: 1. General Cultural/ Religious Setting 2. Assessment of Stakeholder Groups Which Stakeholder Groups are important when implementing an ecosan system? What are the specific needs and priorities of the involved stakeholders in your project? 3. Stakeholder- Specific Needs & Priorities

20. Source:(16) What is gender ? refers to the roles and responsibilities of men and women and the relationship between them, their qualities, behaviours and identities. Equitable access to water supply (also for productive uses) Both women and men need access to cash incomes: potential economic benefits of ecological sanitation probably welcomed (small market gardens etc.) Participation and equity in decision-making: For transparent and democratic management, both men and women must have an equal say P. Thakur Stakeholder-Specific Needs & Priorities: Gender Aspects

21. Failure to account for the needs of all household members can lead to downfall of project:  Any toilet has to be adapted to its user groups! E.g. Even mothers who are aware that their children’s faeces are dangerous often do not let them use (pit) latrines because there is a risk of falling in. Equally problematic: –poor building materials –bad designs –difficult maintenance  Women and children, who generally clean latrines, are at greatest risk of contamination.  Toilet design for disabled people P. Thakur Gender Issue: Toilet Design

22. Mobilization in Ecosan Promotion to Policy makers Promotion to beneficiaries Promotion to Educational Institutes Promotion to NGOs Promotion to Financial Institutions Promotion to Technologist Mass awareness through media

23. Mobilization in Ecosan Assessment of main risk factors and problems in environmental sanitation Overview of present condition Influence of sanitation behaviour and option for improvement Possible risk factor with sanitation practices and the technology in use Assessment of current knowledge, attitude and practices Assessment of National level policies that guide sanitation development and implementation at lower government level Involvement of Ministry of health, department of Drinking water and Sanitation and attention to health hygiene than only engineering aspects. Assessment at district and Municipal level Audience segmentation: Community level, District / municipal level and National level

24. Finding right incentive Economic incentive by reuse of exrceta and urine Different incentives for different stakeholders Setting goals Goal have to be set with involvement of stakeholder Indicators need to be set with government officials / program officials Evaluation of efforts should be based on impact of activity not only the counting of activity Establishment of enabling factors : financing and technology options Mobilization in Ecosan

25. Schools: Poor sanitation in schools: transmission of diseases impairs children’s growth and development limits school attendance negatively affects student’s ability to concentrate and learn. Especially important for Girls/young women: access to appropriate and adequate sanitation also in schools Parents are reluctant to send their girls to school if sanitation is inadequate: Inadequate or lacking facilities Girls often drop out of school altogether when they reach puberty Improvement in Sanitation: excellent opportunity to create lifelong changes in behaviour – including gender aspects childhood: best time to learn hygiene behaviours. children: taking care of younger brothers and sisters (role models) Preferences of both boys and girls should be taken into account (i.e. smaller seats, lower urinals…) Building new sanitation and water facilities is not enough: proper use and maintenance crucial (cleanliness!) hygiene education good organisation Source: (16) Promotion in Educational Institutes P. Thakur

26. Education and Awareness: Public health, hygiene education Agriculture, soil fertility Integrated water resources management Ecological sanitation Logistics Social and political sciences Financing, management, business Policy, Advocacy, Communication Civil/sanitary engineering Different profession need education / training of Ecosan Source: Dr. Elisabeth v. Münch e.vonmunch@unesco-ihe.orge.vonmunch@unesco-ihe.org,

27. Entry point to ecosan: Case study of Thergaon P. Thakur

28. Entry point to ecosan: Case study of Kameshwaram

29. Considering gender is not just involving women in a sanitation project: 1st goal: make gender roles and interdependencies visible, especially roles of men and women with regard to: decision making choice of technology hygiene food security financial security crop production health issues Define the various roles of the different stakeholders, different expectations and fears ….then start planning and designing the ecosan project!! J. Heeb Conclusion: Involvement in Decision Making Processes

30. References (1)Warner, W. S. (no year): Cultural Aspects of ecosan. PowerPoint-Presentation for myneworks.org, ecosan - closing the loop in wastewater management and sanitation. Includes the following non-specified references. a)Cross, P. and Strauss, M. 1985. Health aspects of nightsoil and sludge use in agriculture and aquaculture. IRCWD Report No 04/85, International Reference Center for Waste disposal: Duebendorf, Switzerland. b)Franceys, R. Pickford, J., and R. Reed.1992. A Guide to the Development of On-site Sanitation. World Health Organization, Geneva, pp. 237 c)Haidt, J., Rozin, P., McCauley, C., and S. Imada. 1997. Body, psyche, and culture: the relationship between disgust and morality. Psychology and Developing Societies, vol. 9, p. 107-131. d)Kira, A. 1995. Culture and behaviors of public toilet users. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Public Toilets. Hong Kong May 25-27, 1995, p. 9-12. e)Mara, D. And Cairncross, S. 1986. Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater and Excreta in Agriculture and Aquaculture. World Health Organization, Geneva, pp. 187. f)Van der Ryan, S. 1978. The Toilet Papers, Capra Press, Santa Barbara, CA, pp. 124. g)Warner, W.S. 2000. The influence of religion on wastewater treatment. Water – Magazine of the International Water Association. August, 2000, p. 11-14. h)Winblad, U. (ed) Ecological Sanitation, SIDA. Stockholm, pp. 92. (2)Drangert, J.-O. (2004): Norms and Attitudes Towards ecosan and other Sanitation Systems. Ecosanres Publication Series Report 2004-5. SEI & Ecosanres (3)Drangert, J-O. (1998): Fighting the urine blindness to provide more sanitation options. Water SA Vol 24, No 2 In: Jenssen, P. D. (2005): Health Protection Measures. In: (6) WHO (2006) (4)Holden, R., Terreblanche, R. & Muller, M. (2003): Factors which have influenced the acceptance of ecosan in South Africa and development of a marketing strategy. Paper presented at the 2nd international symposium on ecological sanitation in. Session B, Social and economic aspects. Luebeck, Germany, April 2003. Available at: http://www2.gtz.de/ecosan/english/symposium2-proceedings-eng.htm (Accessed 01.12.2005) http://www2.gtz.de/ecosan/english/symposium2-proceedings-eng.htm (5)Wirbelauer, C., Breslin, E.D., Guzha, E. (2003): Lessons Learnt on ecosan in Southern Africa – Towards a closed-loop sanitation? Paper presented at the 2nd international symposium on ecological sanitation in. Session B, Social and economic aspects. Luebeck, Germany, April 2003Available at: http://www2.gtz.de/ecosan/english/symposium2- proceedings-eng.htm (Accessed 01.12.2005)http://www2.gtz.de/ecosan/english/symposium2- proceedings-eng.htm (6)WHO (2006). Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater. Volume 4: Excreta and greywater use in agriculture. (7)Madeleen Wegelin-Schuringa(IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre): Paper for presentation at the International Symposium on Ecological Sanitation (October 2007).

31. IEES Dr. Johannes Heeb Bahnhofstraße 2, CH-6110 Wolhusen, Schweiz Phone: +41-(0)79-3666850 Fax: +41-(0)41-4904070 email: johannes.heeb@seecon.ch Network for the Development of Sustainable Approaches for Large Scale Implementation of Sanitation in Africa NETSSAF Coordination Action Proposal/Contract Number: 037099 A Coordination Action supported by the European Commission under the Sixth Framework Programme within the " GLOBAL CHANGE AND ECOSYSTEMS " Programme Starting Date: 1st June 2006 Face-to-Face Training Course “Capacity Building for Ecological Sanitation” Stakeholder Specific Sanitation Needs and Solutions