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His Rise and Internal Reforms
Muhammad Ali His Rise and Internal Reforms
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Assess the impact of Muhammed Ali on Egypt in the first half of the nineteenth century.
Essential Question
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Mamluks and Egypt before Muhammad Ali
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Egypt before Muhammad Ali
Ottomans control Egypt Ottomans use Mamluks as the local rulers to control Egypt Mamluks are a social class that had risen to control Political anarchy "We are all pillagers; you pillage, and [he] pillages, and I pillage too." (One Mamluk to another, Jabarti) Economic activity Egypt begins to export raw materials to/import finished products from Europe Sufi ṭarīqas flourish ‘Ulamā’ flourish Mediate between rulers and people Considerable land in awqāf Egypt before Muhammad Ali
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His Background and Rise
Originally from Balkan Region – ethnically Albanian, born in Kavala – Near Greece Was promoted to military after serving as tax collector Served as Second Commander of the Kavala Regiment of the Ottoman Empire under his Cousin. His Background and Rise
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Reasons for Muhammad in Egypt
French invade Egypt in 1798 Napoleon lands troops in Alexandria Begins a war against the Mamluks Disrupts balance of power in Egypt Ottomans land on Nile Delta in 1801 to repel the French Reasons for Muhammad in Egypt
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Muhammad Ali worked with local tribes of Egyptians while campaigning against French
Napoleon left in 1801, French expelled by 1802 Mamluks wounded by not vanquished Power struggle existed between Mamluks, Ottomans, and Muhammad Ali’s Army Success in Egypt
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Consolidation of Power
Muhammad Ali allied with local leaders to gain support of the public Albanians forced Ottoman governor out in 1803 Islamic Scholars demanded the Ottoman government appoint Muhammad Ali the Pasha This began Muhammad Ali’s seizure of power in Egypt Sultan Selim III was unable to oppose because of Muhammad Ali’s popular support Consolidation of Power
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After a temporary alliance with Mamluks to get rid of Ottomans,
Ali was focused on removing the leaders of Mamluks, then their followers Ali invited the leadership to a celebration of an Arabian invasion, which they accepted in 1811 His troops assassinated all the leaders After their demise, Muhammad Ali sent his troops through Egypt to quash the rest of the Mamluks End of the Mamluks
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Assassination of the Mamluks
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Ali’s Goals and Reforms
Muhammad Ali recognized the demise of the Ottomans: “I am well aware that the (Ottoman) Empire is heading by the day toward destruction…On its ruins I will build a vast kingdom… up to the Euphrates and the Tigris’’ Ali’s conquest of Mamluks and exile of former allies gave him total control over reforming Egypt Prevented British invasion in _______________________________ Establish a European style country be reforming all aspects of society: ______________________________________________________ Ali’s Goals and Reforms
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Gaining Control and Agricultural Control
Institutes high taxes on land owning elite Failure to pay would result in state control of farms ____________________________________ 1813: sharing of common land (changed the state of the fellaheen in Egypt) Muhammad Ali established a virtual monopoly on land ___________________________________ Took control of new product – bought from producers Sold to European to manufacture - Bought back from Europeans Sold to public ________________________________________________, which resulted in greater support of Muhammad Ali Gaining Control and Agricultural Control
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Educational system was founded in 1821 – SEPARATE FROM RELIGIOUS EDUCATION
Offered scholarships for students to go _________________________ Used to create people he needed for military (Veterinarians, doctors, engineers) Established Language schools ___________________________________ Focused on Tertiary education first Ulema (Islamic Scholars) not prepared for “Western” subjects – math, science, language To build a native Egyptian workforce and military, needed to educate the secondary and primary students Took effort to educate all people in his country, especially girls Established many schools particularly in rural areas Education Reforms
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Politics Muhammad Ali was the viceroy/ pasha of Egypt from 1805-1848
He wanted to create an independent, sovereign Egypt politically and economically Divided Egypt into 10 provinces and collected taxes from them Politics
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Political Reforms Muhammad Ali desired a professional bureaucracy
He reorganized the administrative structure of the government Created a professional governmental organization Appointed sons to positions of power Worked to modernize Egypt Political Reforms
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Religious leaders acted as intermediaries/ buffers between the public and administration
Intermediaries would take money or authority for services In times of crisis, intermediaries would usurp the central government Guilds had tax-collecting elders Village shaikh was power booker, money lender, and landlord Social Structure
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Social Reforms Confiscated _______________________________
1808, he started confiscating private lands of individuals and gave them pensions Landholders now collecting from _________________________ Reform programs were aimed at creating a modern Egyptian society European educations created social mobility for Egyptians Primary recipients were __________________________________ Social Reforms
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By reorganizing the administrative structure of the government, Muhammad Ali guaranteed strict control of the economy Created state monopolies over chief products ____________________________ Encouraged overland transit of goods ________________________________________________ Early 1820’s – this practice resumed Economic Reforms
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He tried constructing a modern industrial system to process raw materials
1809 – _______________________________ Shipbuilding and construction in ___________________ in 1809 Factories weaving silk and cotton __________________________ used to manage factories Foreign infrastructure (machines) imported to promote industrialization Created factories to manufacture military goods _________________________________ begin production in Cairo Industrial Reforms
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Industrial Reforms Cont’d
Monopolized all industry Forced __________________________ on foreign imports Merchants worked for government or went broke _____________________ trained to work in factories 1825 – Total exports valued at ~$10.6 million Imports only ~$5 million 1819 Started building a new canal, called Mahmudiya This made travel safer and trading more efficient Between _______________________________ Named after Sultan Mahmut II Industrial Reforms Cont’d
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Military Reforms Military campaigns forced need for more troops
Needed troops loyal only to Muhammad Ali and his sons 1820 – _____________ – Peasants mandated to unpaid work and military conscription Used to complete canals, provide troops for Sudan and Greece _____________________specifically during late 1820’s following losses in Greece French were used to train and modernize Egyptian Army Also assisting in modernization of industry Military leaders training in Europe since _________________ Military Reforms
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Establishment of Training grounds throughout Egypt following Arabian Campaign
________________________________ led Aswan camp Patterned after French Army Bought and built artillery Built ________________________________ schools to train troops ______________________________to train military and government officials French regulations translated into _______________ Military Reforms
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Muhammad Ali was unable to sever ties with Ottoman Sultanate
________________________________________due to Egypt’s lack of power sources and a skilled working class Agricultural sector declined due to _____________________________ and ____________________ _____________________________increased because of military campaigns Failure of Reforms
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Establishing control over Middle east and Africa
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Muhammad Ali Controls the Middle East
_______________________in 1808 – Muhammad Ali fends them off ________________________to prevent the Wahhabi Rebellion – 1811 Celebration was the end of Mamluk Leaders in Egypt Tusun, at the time eldest son of Muhammad Ali, led the invasion. Controlled _______________________________ By 1813, was planning to take Diriyah – the capital of the Wahhabi rebellion – a treaty is signed with Ibn Saud’s son Abdullah I 1816 – Muhammad Ali ____________________________to finish the campaign Long and arduous marches – Diriyah Captured by 1818 Muhammad Ali controlled ________________________, and had designs to complete his empire. Muhammad Ali Controls the Middle East
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Muhammad Ali Controls Libya and Sudan
1820 – Muhammad Ali decides to conquer __________________ February 1820 – captured Siwa in the _______________________ July 1820 – Ismail (youngest son) leads troops south Ismail meets with quick progress Muhammad Ali also dispatches _________________________ ____________________________ by a Sudanese King in 1822 Mohammad Bey leads the rest the expedition By 1825, Controls most of ______________________and _____________ through the Sudan down to Massawa on the Red Sea Muhammad Ali Controls Libya and Sudan
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Egyptian expedition in Greece
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Muhammad Ali Sends his troops to Greece
Greek Rebellion – Asked by Sultan in intervene ___________________________ by 1824 ___________________________(already controls the Hejaz) In return for his participation in _________________________ Invades Pelopon nesus in 1825 – controls ________________ Battle of ________________- 1827 Rejection of the Treaty of London led to Naval Battle Muhammad Ali’s navy _____________________ British ships appear off __________________ and “convince” Muhammad Ali to withdraw troops from Greece French landed troops in 1828 – ______________________________ Muhammad Ali Sends his troops to Greece
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