1. The mixing of Indo-European Aryans with native Dravidian Indians
India part II bce
The mixing of Indo-European Aryans with native Dravidian Indians

2. Standard
SSWH2 The student will identify the major achievements of Chinese and Indian societies from 1100 BCE to 500 CE.
Element
a. Describe the development of Indian civilization; include the rise and fall of the Maurya Empire, the “Golden Age” under Gupta, and the emperor Ashoka.
e. Explain how the geography of the Indian Subcontinent contributed to the movement of people and ideas.

3. What happened to the Harappan civilization on the Indus River?
Above: The Great Bath at Mohenjo-Daro.
Surrounding pics: various Harappan artifacts.
String of beads, ca. 2600–1900 B.C.; Harappan. Indus Valley, Mohenjo-daro, DK Gold, vesuvianite or grossular garnet, agate, jasper, and steatite; L. 18 cm (7 1/8 in.). Mohenjo-daro Museum, Mohenjo-daro  MM Courtesy of the Department of Archaeology and Museums, Ministry of Minorities, Culture, Sports, Tourism, and Youth Affairs, Government of Pakistan.
Female figures with headdresses and jewelry, ca. 2600–1900 B.C.; Harappan. Indus Valley, Mohenjo-daro, DK Terracotta; H cm (7 3/8 in.); W. 9.5 cm (3 3/4 in.). National Museum, Karachi. This figure from Mohenjo-daro represents one of the main styles of female figures found in cities as well as smaller settlements throughout the Indus Valley region. The fan-shaped headdress originally had wide cup-shaped extensions on either side of the head, framed by braided tresses.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

4. Theories about why the Indus Valley civilization ended around 1500 BCE
The river may have changed course, natural disaster (caused by heavy monsoons)
Harappan civilization broke down from within due to:
The people may have overworked the land (overcutting trees, overgrazed, over farmed land depleting nutrients)
Invaders (Aryans)
                       
Harappans abandoning their city.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

5. WRITING Indus Harappan script has not been deciphered.
This means basic questions are still unanswered.
Harappan script =
Used 400 characters
both phonetic and logographic
on thousands of clay seals and copper tablets.

6. Culture Peaceful people? – few weapons found
Religious objects and symbols clearly linked to Hinduism
Debates about Hinduism beginning as a political structure brought in by the Aryans.
Above: Terracotta household statues such as this female goddess are found frequently in the region.

7. Burials? Very few grave sites Not as many preserved luxury goods. Why?
Possible cremations?
What does this tell us about their society?
What doesn’t this tell us about their society?

8. End of the Indus Valley
Repeated Floods caused the course of the Indus River to shift away from the cities
New cultural group called Aryans migrate/invade and merge with the Indus Valley peoples

9. Indo-Europeans (Aryans)
Central Asian tribes
Nomadic people
Great warriors
Domesticated the horse
Early iron workers

10. Aryan (Indo European) Migration 1800BCE from Turkinistan through Kyber pass to India

11. Khyber Pass
Only land route between middle east and India for trade and invasion
Still important today – India and Pakistan both trying to control it

12. Aryan Political System
Ruled by a king and local rulers
Many City states
Brought Horses and advanced weapons to India (conquered India)
duty of the king was the protection of his subjects, property, defense and maintenance of peace
culture spreads from the Indus to the Ganges River
Spoke Sanskrit

13. Economy – Iron Age begins
Small self-sufficient agricultural communities
Iron Technology used for
farm tools
increased food production (rice)
Weapons
Barter system common

14. Religion Indian gods continue to be worshipped
Aryans bring new gods and Scriptures called Vedas
Combine to create Hinduism

15. Ayran/Hindu Social Structure
Social Structure used by Aryans to control native Indians since warriors and priests are top
Brahmins – warriors, priests
Kshatriyas – rulers, warriors
Vaishyas – farmers, merchants, artisans
Sudras – laborers
Dalits (untouchables) – unpleasant, polluted jobs; not directly owned by others.
Strict segregation among castes.
All based on the tribal concept of the Ayrans that people are NOT equal
Done

16. Aryan/Vedic Civilization 1500-500BCE
Hindu Vedic Philosophy oldest written texts in India Veda means “Knowledge” in Sanskrit. Vedas inform and guide Hindus like the Bible guides Christians and the Koran guides Muslims

17. Upanishads: literally means sitting in front of
later Hindu Vedas (often poetic) that teach the metaphysical foundations of the Hindu faith
Hare (ha-ray) Krishna’s war poem is the most important of the Upanishads

18. The Ancient Vedic Hymns
Rig Veda - Knowledge of Hymns, almost 11,000 verses
“There is only one truth, only men describe it in different ways.“
Ayur Veda - Knowledge of Medicine, over 100,000 verses
Yajur Veda - Knowledge of Liturgy, 3,988 verses
Sama Veda - Knowledge of Classical Music, 1,549 verses
Upanishads
Jyotisha – Astrology and Astronomy.
Kalpa – Rituals and Legal matters.
Siksha – Phonetics.
Aitareya – Creation of the Universe, Man and Evolution.
Kama Sutra - Knowledge of Love and Sex
Chandogya – Reincarnation, Soul.
Kaushitaki – Karma.
Kena – Austerity, Work, and Restraint.
Dharnur Veda – Science of Archery and War.
Mundaka – Discipline, Faith and warning of Ignorance.
Sulba Sutra – Knowledge of Mathematics
Yoga Sutra - Knowledge of Meditation

19. Standard
SSWH2 The student will identify the major achievements of Chinese and Indian societies from 1100 BCE to 500 CE.
Element
a. Describe the development of Indian civilization; include the rise and fall of the Maurya Empire, the “Golden Age” under Gupta, and the emperor Ashoka.
e. Explain how the geography of the Indian Subcontinent contributed to the movement of people and ideas.
List five facts that will help you remember this Element: