1. Kingdom Protista (2) Biology 11 Mr. McCallum

2. REVIEW TIME

3. Animal-like Protists (Protozoa)  Heterotrophs  Must consume to gain nutrition  Holozoic  Engulf their food  Saprozoic  Absorb pre-digested or soluble nutrients through membrane  4 phyla  Sarcodina  Mastigiphora  Ciliophora  Sporozoa

4. Animal-like Protists (2)  Larger population numbers, and larger number of species overall than bacteria  Occupy a diverse range of moist habitats  Huge range/variability in size (micrometers to centimeters)  Small red blood cell can contain a dozen  Usually undergo asexual reproduction  Binary fission  Can form cysts (hard protective covering over cell membrane – resting/dormant cells)

5. Classification  Distinguished by their modes of locomotion  Cilia, flagella, pseudopodia, etc.  Also:  Types of organelles  Life cycle  Mode of reproduction  Free-living or parasitic

6. 1. Phylum Sarcodina  Free-living  Few parasitic species in animal intestines  Thrive in fresh water, salt water, and soil  Use pseudopods (“false feet” – finger-like projections)  Provide motility through extension and retraction  Allow organism to feed by engulfing food particles  E.g.: Amoebas, foraminiferans, radiolarians, heliozoans

7. E.g.: Amoeba  Largest and least complex protozoan  Two layers of cytoplasm  Ectoplasm : thin, semi-rigid layer under plasma membrane  Endoplasm : more fluid, fills the inside of the cell  Named chaos chaos by Linnaeus  Continuous movement of endoplasm causing amoeba to constantly change shape

8. E.g.: Amoeba (2)  Feeds by phagocytosis  Pseudopods flow around and engulf food particles  Food then enclosed in food vacuole  Contractile vacuole collects excess water – discharges it through pore in plasma membrane  Asexual reproduction  Binary fission  Typically 1 division a day

9. 2. Phylum Mastigophora  Motile  Move through use of flagella (one or more!)  Free-living forms found in both fresh and salt water  Majority are parasitic  Live within other organisms  Causing disease in animals  Asexual reproduction  Longitudinal fission  Flagellates also form cysts  Way in which many parasitic forms are spread from host to host  E.g.: Giardia lamblia

10. Giardia lamblia = Beiber fever NOT QUITE…. BEAVER FEVER

11. E.g.: Giardia lamblia (Beaver Fever)  Parasite that causes stomach upset and diarrhoea  Can have more severe effects in some individuals  Cattle and wild animals often have the parasite  Infection occurs when we drink or eat food tainted with the feces of these infected animals  BOIL WATER if consuming directly from a stream

12. 3. Phylum Ciliophora  Most complex and advanced of the protozoans  Characterized by cilia  Hair-like projections  Shorter and more abundant than flagella  Can cover the entire organism  Motile organisms have cilia synchronized for swimming  Non-motile (sessile) organisms use cilia for attachment  Can undergo asexual (binary fission) or sexual reproduction (conjugation)  Live in both freshwater and marine habitats  E.g.: Paramecium

13. REVIEW TIME

14. E.g.: Paramecium  Most commonly studied ciliate  Oral groove contains mouth  Connects to gullet  Cilia in gullet sweep bacteria and food particles into the cavity  Digestion takes place in food vacuole  Waste expelled through anal pore  Excess water collected in contractile vacuole

15. E.g.: Paramecium (2)  Two nuclei  Large macronucleus – controls majority of cell activities  Smaller micronucleus – involved with reproduction  Reproduction often asexual (binary fission), can undergo sexual (conjugation)  After conjugation, daughter cells undergo binary fission  Defence mechanism  Hundreds of poison-laden barbs ( trichocysts ) can be discharged to drive away predators and capture prey

16. 4. Phylum Sporozoa  Lack means of independent locomotion  Some have flagella while maturing  Display complex life cycles  Exclusively parasitic  Depend exclusively on body fluids of host for movement  Simple structure with fewer organelles and specialized structures  Characterized by a spore-like stage  Reproductive cells that can produce a new organism without fertilization (sporozoites)  In cases where two hosts are involved – reproduction is sexual in one host, asexual in the other host  Insects are frequently vectors – responsible for transmission

17. E.g.: Plasmodium  Notorious P.R.O.T.I.S.T.  Responsible for causing malaria in humans, other mammals, and birds  Malaria is a disease caused by the plasmodium parasite (phylum Sporozoa)  Transmitted by the female anopheles mosquito  Nearly half a billion people get Malaria each year – nearly one million die of the disease  Sub-Saharan Africa suffers 90% of all Malaria deaths

18. 3 reasons why we still haven’t gotten rid of malaria  List the three reasons Sonia Shah believes are responsible for the prevalence of malaria in modern day society…  Be PREPARED to discuss these, along with any other questions/facts relating to malaria!

19. Fungi-like Protists  Heterotrophs, decomposers, and external digesters  Exhibit complex life cycles and exist in various cellular forms

20. 1. Gymnomycota (Slime Moulds)  Prefer cool, shady, moist places  Often under rotting logs, fallen leaves  Leave slimy trail as they move along the ground  At some point in life cycle resemble protozoans (amoeba-like, have flagella, etc.)  At other points, they produce spores  Do not always remain as single celled organisms  Becoming multicellular is a TREMENDOUS advancement!  Lays groundwork for cell specialization

21. 2. Oomycota (Water Moulds)  Found notably in fresh water environments  As well as upper surface of moist soil  E.g.: Downey mildews and white rusts  Produce filamentous hyphae  Decomposers

22.  Create a table to COMPARE/CONTRAST the three groups of PROTISTS that we have examined as a class (plant-like, animal-like, and fungi-like).  Be sure to include EXAMPLES OF ORGANISMS that we have discussed, as well as the MAIN SIMILARITIES and the MAIN DIFFERENCES between and within these groupings.