1. Darcy’s Law Philip B. Bedient Civil and Environmental Engineering Rice University

2. Darcy’s Law Darcy’s law provides an accurate description of the flow of ground water in almost all hydrogeologic environments.

3. Darcy’s Law Henri Darcy established empirically that the flux of water through a permeable formation is proportional to the distance between top and bottom of the soil column. The constant of proportionality is called the hydraulic conductivity (K). V = Q/A, v  –∆h, and v  1/∆L

4. Hydraulic Conductivity K represents a measure of the ability for flow through porous media: K is highest for gravels - 0.1 to 1 cm/sec K is high for sands - 10 -2 to 10 -3 cm/sec K is moderate for silts - 10 -4 to 10 -5 cm/sec K is lowest for clays - 10 -7 to 10 -9 cm/sec

5. Darcy’s Experimental Setup: Head loss h 1 - h 2 determines flow rate

6. Darcy’s Law Therefore, V = – K (∆h/∆L) and since Q= VA Q= – KA(dh/dL)

7. Conditions of Law In General, Darcy’s Law holds for: 1. Saturated flow and unsaturated flow 2. Steady-state and transient flow 3. Flow in aquifers and aquitards 4. Flow in homogeneous and heteogeneous systems 5. Flow in isotropic or anisotropic media 6. Flow in rocks and granular media

8. Darcy Velocity V is the specific discharge (Darcy velocity). (–) indicates that V occurs in the direction of the decreasing head. Specific discharge has units of velocity. The specific discharge is a macroscopic concept, and is easily measured. It should be noted that Darcy’s velocity is different ….

9. Darcy Velocity...from the microscopic velocities associated with the actual paths if individual particles of water as they wind their way through the grains of sand. The microscopic velocities are real, but are probably impossible to measure.

10. Darcy Velocity & Seepage Velocity Darcy velocity is a fictitious velocity since it assumes that flow occurs across the entire cross-section of the soil sample. Flow actually takes place only through interconnected pore channels.

11. Darcy Velocity & Seepage Velocity From the Continuity Eqn: Q = A v D = A V V s –Where: Q = flow rate A = cross-sectional area of material A V = area of voids V s = seepage velocity v D = Darcy velocity

12. Darcy Velocity & Seepage Velocity Therefore: V S = V D ( A/A V ) Multiplying both sides by the length of the medium (L) V S = V D ( AL / A V L ) = V D ( V T / V V ) Where: V T = total volume V V = void volume By Definition, V v / V T = n, the soil porosity ThusV S = V D /n

13. Equations of Ground Water Flow Description of ground water flow is based on: 1. Darcy’s Law 2. Continuity Equation - describes conservation of fluid mass during flow through a porous medium; results in a partial differential equation of flow.

14. Example of Darcy’s Law A confined aquifer has a source of recharge. K for the aquifer is 50 m/day, and n is 0.2. The piezometric head in two wells 1000 m apart is 55 m and 50 m respectively, from a common datum. The average thickness of the aquifer is 30 m, and the average width is 5 km.

15. Determine the following: a) the rate of flow through the aquifer (b) the time of travel from the head of the aquifer to a point 4 km downstream *assume no dispersion or diffusion

16. …the solution Cross-Sectional area= 30(5)(1000) = 15 x 10 4 m 2 Hydraulic gradient = (55-50)/1000 = 5 x 10 -3 Rate of Flow for K = 50 m/day Q = (50 m/day) (75 x 10 1 m 2 ) = 37,500 m 3 /day Darcy Velocity: V = Q/A = (37,500m 3 /day) / (15 x 10 4 m 2 ) = 0.25m/day

17. ...to continue Seepage Velocity: V s = V/n = (0.25) / (0.2) = 1.25 m/day (about 4.1 ft/day) Time to travel 4 km downstream: T = 4(1000m) / (1.25m/day) = 3200 days or 8.77 years This example shows that water moves very slowly underground.

18. Limitations of the Darcian Approach 1. For Reynold’s Number, Re, > 10 where the flow is turbulent, as in the immediate vicinity of pumped wells. 2. Where water flows through extremely fine-grained materials (colloidal clay)

19. Darcy’s Law: Example 2 A channel runs almost parallel to a river, and they are 2000 ft apart. The water level in the river is at an elevation of 120 ft and 110ft in the channel. A pervious formation averaging 30 ft thick and with K of 0.25 ft/hr joins them. Determine the rate of seepage or flow from the river to the channel.

20. Confined Aquifer Confining Layer

21. Example 2 Consider a 1-ft length of river (and channel). Q = KA [(h 1 – h 2 ) / L] Where: A = (30 x 1) = 30 ft 2 K = (0.25 ft/hr) (24 hr/day) = 6 ft/day Therefore, Q = [6 (30) (120 – 110)] / 2000 = 0.9 ft 3 /day/ft length = 0.9 ft 2 /day

22. Permeameters Constant HeadFalling Head

23. Constant head Permeameter Apply Darcy’s Law to find K: V/t = Q = KA(h/L) or: K = (VL) / (Ath) Where: V = volume flowing in time t A = cross-sectional area of the sample L = length of sample h = constant head t = time of flow

24. Darcy’s Law Darcy’s Law can be used to compute flow rate in almost any aquifer system where heads and areas are known from wells.