1. 9th April 2009based on a presentation prepared by D. Schinzel 1 COSMIC RAY DETECTOR

2. 9th April 2009based on a presentation prepared by D. Schinzel 2 COSMIC RAY DETECTOR PLAN OF TALK –1 Background of idea –2 Background on muons –3 General design plan –4 Things to start doing

3. 9th April 2009based on a presentation prepared by D. Schinzel 3 The idea arose because we saw one of these at CERN when we visited last year It is a device that demonstrates a bit of physics and engineering, but is also an attractive display to impress visitors (and ourselves) It will be hard to build because we don’t even have a complete design (yet), let alone all the smaller details COSMIC RAY DETECTOR

4. 9th April 2009based on a presentation prepared by D. Schinzel 4 Cosmic ‘Rays’ are actually mostly high energy protons hitting the upper atmosphere They produce a ‘shower’ of other sub- atomic particles, but especially fundamental particles called muons Muons are a kind of ‘heavy electron’ The really interesting thing about muons is… COSMIC RAY DETECTOR

5. 9th April 2009based on a presentation prepared by D. Schinzel 5 The really interesting thing about muons is… They are unstable, with a half-life of only about 2 microseconds – which means they can’t reach ground level But they can reach ground level! They live much longer than normal because for them time is passing very slowly due to their very high speed COSMIC RAY DETECTOR

6. 9th April 2009based on a presentation prepared by D. Schinzel 6 The detector will be a very large spark detector You need some metal plates with a high voltage on them, and a chamber filled with noble gases – helium and argon Then, if a muon comes along, it may cause breakdown of the gas, and a spark is formed – with dramatic effect! COSMIC RAY DETECTOR

7. 9th April 2009based on a presentation prepared by D. Schinzel 7 COSMIC RAY DETECTOR

8. 9th April 2009based on a presentation prepared by D. Schinzel 8 The 4 main things to build or obtain are: –The chamber –Source of noble gas with controls –HT supply – 10kV –Electronics to supply the energy for the sparks, but also to quench them quickly COSMIC RAY DETECTOR

9. 9th April 2009based on a presentation prepared by D. Schinzel 9 We’ll buy the –Noble gas and pump and fittings –HT supply – 10kV We’ll build the –Chamber – hard to do well – low leakage –Electronics – a lot more detail needed COSMIC RAY DETECTOR

10. 9th April 2009based on a presentation prepared by D. Schinzel 10 Budget: –The absolute outside cost of the project is £7,000, but I expect to do it for much less –I don’t yet have a target budget, so that’s a task to be done, but to give you a feel for it, the HT supply may be the single most expensive part, and one could be bought second-hand for about £650 COSMIC RAY DETECTOR

11. 9th April 2009based on a presentation prepared by D. Schinzel 11 Mode of operation: –Two devices called scintillators detect a muon coming in –Electronics produces a turn-on pulse, sent to… –A special device called a ‘thyratron’ which enables a spark to occur –The spark’s energy is released from some high voltage capacitors COSMIC RAY DETECTOR

12. 9th April 2009based on a presentation prepared by D. Schinzel 12 Trigger Electronics HV Pulser COSMIC RAY DETECTOR

13. 9th April 2009based on a presentation prepared by D. Schinzel 13

14. 9th April 2009based on a presentation prepared by D. Schinzel 14 COSMIC RAY DETECTOR Top scintillation counter S1 Trigger electronics Bottom scintillation counter S2

15. 9th April 2009based on a presentation prepared by D. Schinzel 15 Roles to fill –Project management –Financial management –Mech design and build –Electronic design and build –Gas know-how and procurement –Publicity via website, assemblies etc COSMIC RAY DETECTOR

16. 9th April 2009based on a presentation prepared by D. Schinzel 16 First tasks – for discussion –Visit Bristol Univ to collect more info and some scintillators –Visit e2v to see what they can offer us –Produce a draft budget and project plan –Design and build a very small proof-of-principle chamber and test for gas-tightness* –Design and build the low voltage trigger electronics and connect to scintillators* –Find out how to buy or make the HT resistors and capacitors –Find out about thryatrons * please note – the D&T dept are aware of the project but are unlikely to be able to give much in the way of workshop time due to other commitments COSMIC RAY DETECTOR

17. 9th April 2009based on a presentation prepared by D. Schinzel 17 No Spark HV = 2.65 kV Trigger given by scintillators S1 and S2 Thyratron discharges capacitors, then they recharge Dead time COSMIC RAY DETECTOR

18. 9th April 2009based on a presentation prepared by D. Schinzel 18 Spark HV = 4.5 kV Trigger Spark discharges capacitors Dead time COSMIC RAY DETECTOR