1. 1 SSWH3 The student will examine the political, philosophical, and cultural interaction of Classical Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE to 400 CE. a. Compare the origins and structure of the Greek polis, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire.

2. The Typical Polis Polis= a city-state surrounded by villages, fields, orchards Citadel: fortress on a hill Acropolis: The Greek word for citadel the upper fortified part of ancient Greek city, In the center of the city On top = temple of local deity Agora: where citizens gathered to carry out public affairs Polis political center Usually at the foot of the acropolis 2 Athens agora

3. The Citizens could vote hold public office speak for themselves own property Expected to serve in government and defend the polis in war. Excluded: Slaves foreign-born residents, and women Pre 500 bce landless men 3 Acropolis in Athens

4. Greek Colonies and Trade 700 B.C. Not enough grain to feed everyone Each polis = established colonies in coastal areas. Each colony = close ties with its mainland metropolis supplied grain exported the mainland’s wine, olive oil, and other cash crops.

5. Greek Colonies and Trade Replaced barter system with a money economy expanded overseas trade. Merchants started issuing coins Cities assumed this responsibility

6. Greek Colonies and Trade Ionia in Asia Minor assumed leadership in a growing textile industry pottery made in Ionia was the earliest Greek pottery to be exported.

7. Greek Colonies and Trade Exported Pottery Wine Olive oil Imported from the Black Sea Timber Fish Wheat Metals slaves Imported from the west Grains Metals Fish

8. Political and Social Change Economic growth = changed Greek political life Kings USED to rule Now landholding aristocrats Aristocrats = supply military forces for king’s ventures

9. Political and Social Change Farmers became indebted to landowners Couldn’t repay loans Would sell themselves into slavery Disputes arose between the aristocrats and farmers Farmers demanded political reforms.

10. Political and Social Change Greek armies Relied on Hoplites- foot soldiers -(generally farmers) more than cavalry (generally aristocrats) aristocrats began to lose influence. Farmers provide the core of the phalanx—closely arrayed rows of soldiers with solid row of shields Merchants and artisans began demanding change wanted polis to advance business interests

11. Tyrants Increase in trade and industry = new group of wealthy people. Wanted political power but the aristocrats refused Led to tyrants- rulers who seized power from the aristocrats, using hired soldiers. Once they gained power they built new marketplaces, temples, and walls.

12. Tyrants Supported by: The new wealthy poor peasants (indebted to the aristocrats) Not evil or bad as we have come to know the term. Tyrants ruled from 7 th and 6 th centuries, bce, Helped establish a pattern of someone other than aristocracy ruling city- states.

13. Terms to Know Polis: a city-state; the basic political unit of the Hellenic civilization Citizen: those who take part in government Aristocrat: nobles; members of the upper class Phalanx: rows of soldiers using their shields to form a wall Tyrant: a person seizing power of a city-state and controlling it Oligarchy: where a few wealthy people hold power Democracy: a government by the people where power lies in the hands of the people

14. Terms to Know Acropolis: a fortified area at the top of a hill in a Greek city-state. Agora: a fortified area below the acropolis where people would assemble and where the market was located. Hoplites: heavily armed infantry soldiers Helots: people captured by the Spartans. Ephors: a group of five men who were elected each year by the Spartans and were responsible for the education of the youth and the conduct of all citizens.