1. Still Separate and Unequal? Latina/o and Immigrant Youth and the Quest for Educational Equality Lisa M. Martinez Dept. of Sociology and Criminology University of Denver Lisa.Martinez@du.edu

2. Still Separate and Unequal? Educational gains Remaining challenges Implications – Reproduction of inequalities – Limited access and social mobility

3. Key Court Cases Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Salvatierra v. Del Rio ISD (1930) Alvarez v. Lemon Grove School District (1931) Mendez v. Westminster (1947) Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Keyes v. School District No. 1 (1973) Plyer v. Doe (1982) Proposition 187 (1994) Proposition 227 (1998) Lobato v. State of Colorado (2011)

4. Gains in Education Increase in high school graduation rates among 18- 24 year old Latina/os

5. Gains in Education Increase in college enrollment rates

6. Gains in Education Growing share of college degrees

7. Gains in Education Decline in proportion of high school dropouts

8. End of De Jure Segregation Latina/o and immigrant youth have made significant educational gains – High school graduation rates – College enrollment – Share of college degrees – Decline in dropout rates

9. Remaining Challenges Achievement gap among Latina/o youth

10. Remaining Challenges Achievement gap among immigrant youth

11. Remaining Challenges Gaps in enrollment and access

12. Remaining Challenges Sociological factors: poverty

13. Remaining Challenges Sociological factors: segregation

14. Beginning of De Facto Segregation Segregated neighborhoods, segregated schools Reproduction of social inequalities Access issues for immigrant youth, suppressed social mobility for Latina/os