1. Biology 2 nd 9 Week District Assessment Review Gregor Mendel

2. 1. When using Punnett Squares to show inherited probability, a capital letter stands for the ___________ allele. Dominant

3. 2. Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces: Gametes 3. How many gametes does Meiosis produce? Four

4. 4. Define Haploid- Cell with half the number of chromosomes (n) as a diploid (2n) cell.

5. 5. Meiosis Results in how many daughter cells and what type of cell? 4 haploid daughter cells

6. 6. What is happening to the cells when cancer forms? Uncontrolled cell growth

7. 7. Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes (egg and sperm). Gametes have how many chromosomes as compared to the original parent cell? Half

8. 8. What is the DNA segment from which this section of mRNA was transcribed? GUGUGA CACACT DNA mRNA

9. Review Chargaff’s Rules about DNA Explained: The amount of guanine is roughly equal to cytosineguaninecytosine The amount of adenine is roughly equal to thymine.adeninethymine DNA should have a 1:1 ratio (base Pair Rule)

10. 9. What is a valid conclusion that can be drawn from this data below considering Chargaff’s rule? The amount of adenine roughly equals the amount of thymine and the amount of guanine roughly equals the amount of cytosine.

11. 10. What type of image is this and what is it used for?  Karyotype map  Picture of someone's chromosomes in order to detect chromosomal disorders.

12. 11. Identify the location of the defect and the name of the disorder? Trisomy #21 Down Syndrome

13. 12. Define Phenotype and give examples: The actual characteristic displayed or expressed by the individual. Ex: brown eyes, blond hair, purple flowers, tall, dwarf, etc.)

14. 13. Using the Punnett square how many offspring will have blue eyes if A = blue and a = brown? 3

15. Review - Sex Linked Traits Sex Chromosomes – Female = XX – Male = XY Sex linked traits are carried on the X chromosome Ex. Hemophilia, red- green colorblindness

16. 14. Using the Punnett square below, how many offsprings will have color blindness? One

17. 15. Gametes have how many chromosomes if the parent started with 8? 4 – Half the Number (image starts with 4 ends with 2)

18. 16. What is a stop codon? Stop codons stop translation or the making of proteins by stringing amino acids together.

19. 17. What happened to the original DNA code for the amino acid sequence? The polypeptide chain changed because of a point mutation

20. 18. What are stem cells? Unspecialized cell that can develop into a specialized cell under the right conditions

21. 19. What signals stem cells to become specialized cells such as nerve or skin cells? DNA RNA Environmental factors

22. Translation A- amino acid B- tRNA C- anticodon D- codon E- mRNA F- Ribosome G-polypeptide 21. Define the process of what is happening at the red arrow! tRNAs attaches the anticodon’s to the codon’s on the mRNA strand which adds the amino acid to the polypeptide chain 20. Label the parts below :

23. 22. Central Dogma of Protein Synthesis…Fill in the missing parts! DNA  RNA  protein  trait ?? ? ?

24. 23. When the stop codon is reached, a chain of amino acids have been formed. This chain will fold and a ________ is made for the cell. Protein

25. 24. In pea plants, a Yellow pea plant (Y) is dominant to the green pea plant (y). The cross of both plants is represented in the Punnett square below. Predict the percentage of the offspring that will likely be heterozygous Yellow. 50%

26. 25. Identify the amino acid chain from the following RNA strand: AUGCACAAUAAGGUCUGA Methionine, Histidine, Asparagine, Lysine,Valine,Stop

27. 26. Give the process in which mRNA attaches to the ribosome and a protein in assembled. Translation

28. 27. Give the process in which mRNA is synthesized from the template DNA strand. Transcription

29. 28. What are the stages of mitosis? 1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase

30. 29. Identify the 3 parts of Interphase and what is happening? 1.G 1 phase – cell growth 2. S phase – replication of DNA 3. G 2 phase – replication of organelles for cell division

31. 30. What is the difference between rRNA and tRNA when it comes to translation of mRNA into proteins? tRNAs transports amino acids rRNA works with proteins to form the ribosome

32. 31. Give 3 reasons why cells divide?

33. 32. Rosalind Franklin was the 1 st scientist to state that the backbone of DNA was sugar & phosphate. Who developed the model? Watson and Crick

34. 33. What is this an xray of? DNA 34. What is the shape of DNA? Double Helix

35. Deletion (the D part of the chromosome is left out) 35. What type of mutation is represented below?

36. Insertion (part BC of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to its sister chromatid) 36. What type of mutation is represented below?

37. 37. What is a Frameshift Mutation Example: The dog bit the cat.  The dob itt hec at. A nitrogen base is either deleted or added.

38. 38. What is a substitution mutation? The amino acid chain was altered by a change to the sequence

39. 39. Identify the phase of mitosis occurring in the cell Prophase

40. 40. Identify the phase of mitosis occurring in the cell Metaphase

41. 41. Identify the phase of mitosis occurring in the cell Anaphase

42. 42. Identify the phase of mitosis occurring in the cell Telophase

43. 43. In which stage of Interphase is the cell’s DNA copied? S Phase

44. 44. What type of complementary molecule is being produced and how do you know?  Complementary mRNA strand is produced from a segment of DNA  Uracil is present

45. 45. Name of this type of chart and what it is used for? Pedigree Shows pattern of inheritance of a specific trait through a family

46. 46. According to the chart above which of the following amino acid is coded for by the DNA codon GCT? CGA - Arginine

47. 47. According to the chart above which of the following amino acid is coded for by the DNA codon TCC? AGG - Arginine

48. 48. According to the chart above which of the following amino acid is coded for by the DNA codon TAC? AUG - Methionine

49. 49. GUG codes for which amino acid? Valine

50. 50. What connects the complementary nucleotides? Hydrogen Bonds

51. 51. What is important about Crossing Over? Creates genetic variation in gametes

52. 52. The correct sequence between genes and their expression is: DNARNAProtein Trait ? ?

53. 54. How are Proteins Made? To make a protein, a cell must put a chain of amino acids together in the right order. 53. Which molecule initiates protein synthesis? DNA will provide the codes to build a protein.

54. 55. Which molecule is responsible for your traits and what makes it unique?  DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid  Genetic information exists in the sequence of the nucleotides on the DNA Strand

55. 56. In pea plants, purple flowers (P) are dominant to white flowers (p). If two heterozygous purple plants are crossed, what percent of the offspring will probably be white? P p P p P P P p P p pp 25% White

56. 57. Give 4 characteristics of gene regulation?  Occurs in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes  Each cell expresses, or turns on, only a fraction of its genes. The rest of the genes are repressed, or turned off.  Different genes are active at different times.  This process can determine the amount of protein product that is made by a gene at any given time.

57. 58. In parrots, a sharp beak (A) is dominant to a dull beak (a), and shiny feathers (L) is dominant to dull feathers (l). If a parrot has the genotype of Aall, what are the possible genetic combinations of its offspring? A.Al, al B.AL, al C.AL, AL, al D.Al, al, aA, AL Genotype: Aall

58. 59. In cats, the allele for Yellow fur (E) is dominant over the allele for black fur (e) and the allele for short fur (F) is dominant over the allele for long fur (f). What percentage of the offspring from a EeFf x eeff cross would be expected to be heterozygous for both traits? EFEfeFef EeFf EeffeeFfeeff 25%