1. Why Is Each Point on Earth Unique

2. Location Place Names Site Situation Mathematic Location

3. Place Names Toponym: name given to a place on Earth Persons, Religious Significance, Physical features Can be changed: Political Upheavals

4. Site May be referred to as Place theme Physical and cultural attributes of the place itself Essential in selecting locations for settlements Humans can modify Factors of Production: Land, Labor and Capital

5. Situation Relative location Find an unfamiliar place by comparing to a familiar one External relations of a locale Helps to understand its importance Centrality: function of location Economics: Transportation/Movement

6. Mathematical Location Longitude and Latitude: Meridians and parallels Longitude calculates time zones: 360 divided by 24 equals 15 O degrees is a human creation: international agreement. International date line 180 Latitudes derived by Earth’s space and rotation around the Sun

7. Region: Cultural features Economic features Physical features CULTURAL LANDSCAPE: VISIBLE EXPRESSION OF HUMAN ACTIVITY Sauer: “An area fashioned from nature by a cultural group” Sauer and Platt: Each region has its own distinctive landscape: from combination of social relationships and physical processes

8. Formal Region Uniform or Homogeneous Common characteristic Characteristic may be Predominant rather than universal Significant elements of internal uniformity and external differences from surrounding territories Explain broad global or national patterns

9. Functional Region Also called nodal region Characteristic chosen dominates at a central focus and diminishes as move outward Centrality: function of location relative to other places. Relation to networks Typically tied by movement: Communication and transportation

10. Vernacular Region Perceptual Region Exists as part of cultural identity Mental map: contains personal impressions

11. Spatial Association Region expands over widely varying scale Way that places and things are laid out, organized and arranged on the surface of the earth

12. Three spatial themes Integration in place: how and why people or things found in same place influence each other Interdependencies between places: Nature and significance of patterns and networks that tie places together Interdependencies among scales: how processes operating at different scales influence each other

13. Human-Environment Interaction Geographic study of relationships: cultural ecology Humboldt and Ritter: use methods of scientific inquiry H-R: apply laws from natural sciences to understand relations between physical and human actions Physical environment caused social development: environmental determinism

14. Human-Environment Interaction Human behavior: individual and collective is strongly affected by the physical environment Ratzel, Semple agree. Huntington: climate a major determinant of civilization Reactions against determinism: possibilism: physical envir may limit actions but people have the ability toadjust

15. Human Environment Choices on how we modify our environment Dependent on: technology, wealth, and socially acceptability

16. Physical features Necessary to understand distribution of human activities Climate: Koppen System A: Tropical B. Dry C. Warm Mid Latitude D. Cold Mid Latitude E. Polar Climates

17. Vegetation Influences the type of agriculture practiced Forest: Tropical, Coniferous, Deciduous Chaparral Grasslands (Savannas, Prairies) Desert

18. Soil Thin interface between air and rocks Human Geography Destruction of soil that results from natural processes and human action Concern with erosion and depletion of nutrients

19. Landforms Geomorphology: study of landforms Explains the distribution of people and the choice of economic activities at different locations. Topographic maps show relief and slope of localities