1. Gamma–Ray Bursts, Massive Cores and Particle Physics Remo Ruffini Dipartimento di Fisica – Università di Roma “La Sapienza” ICRANet – Pescara ICRANet – Nice Sofia Antipolis Taipei, May 28 th 2008

2. Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner: the fission of Uranium

3. Heisenberg – Euler – Schwinger E c = m 2 c 3 /(  e) Z c  ~ 1

4. V.S. Popov V.S. Popov, Yad. Fiz. 12 (1970) 429 [Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 12 (1971) 235]. V.S. Popov, Zhetf Pis. Red. 11 (1970) 254 [JETP Lett. 11 (1970) 162]. V.S. Popov, Zh. Eksp. Theor Fiz. 59 (1970) 965 [Sov. Phys. JEPT 32 (1971) 526]. V.S. Popov, Zh. Eksp. Theor Fiz. 60 (1971) 1228 [Sov. Phys. JEPT 33 (1971) 665]. Y.B. Zel'dovich, V.S. Popov, Sov. Phys. USPEKHI 14 (1972) 673. M.S. Marinov, V.S. Popov, Pis'ma v ZhETF 17 (1973) 511 [JETP Lett. 17, (1973) 368 ]. S.S. Gershtein, V.S. Popov, Lett. Nuovo Cim. 6, (1973). V.S. Popov, ZhETF 18 (1973) 53 [ZhETF 65 (1973) 35]. V.S. Popov, Yad. Fiz. 64, (2001) 421 [Phys. Atomic Nuclei, 64 (2001) 367]. V.S. Popov, Yad. Fiz. 14 (1971) 458 [Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 14 (1972) 257]. A.B. Migdal, A.M. Peremolov, V.S. Popov, Yad. Fis. 14 (1971) 874 [Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 14 (1972) 488]. A.M. Peremolov, V.S. Popov, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 61 (1971) 1743 [Sov. Phys. JETP 34 (1972) 928]. Z c > 173

5. W. Greiner B. M ü ller, W. Greiner, Z. Naturforsch 31a (1976) 1. J.S. Greening, W. Greiner, Physics Today, August 1992. J. Reinhardt, W. Greiner, Rep. Prog. Phys. 40 (1977) 219. B. M ü ller, J. Rafelski, W. Greiner, Z. Phys. 257 (1972) 62; B. M ü ller, J. Rafelski, W. Greiner, Z. Phys. 257 (1972) 183. J. Rafelski, B. M ü ller, W. Greiner, Phys. Lett. B47 (1973) 5. K. Rumrich, G. Soff, W. Greiner, Phys. Rev A47 (1993) 215. J. Rafelski, B. M ü ller, W. Greiner, Z. Phys. A285 (1978) 49. G. Soff, B. M ü ller, W. Greiner, Phys. Rev. Lett. 40 (1978) 540. J. Reinhardt, B. M ü ller, W. Greiner, Phys. Rev. A24 (1981) 103. B. M ü ller, R. Kent-Smith, W.~ reiner, Phys. Lett. B49 (1974) 219. B. M ü ller, J. Reinhardt, W. Greiner, G. Soff, Z. Phys. A311 (1983) 151. J. Reinhardt, U. M ü ller, B. M ü ller, W. Greiner, Z. Phys. A303 (1981) 173. P. G ä rtner, J. Reinhardt, B. M ü ller, W. Greiner, Phys. Lett. B95 (1980) 181. G. Soff, P. Schl ü ter, B. M ü ller, W. Greiner, Phys. Rev. Lett. 48 (1982) 1465. W. Greiner, J. Reinhardt, “Quantum Electrodynamics”, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1992. O. Graf, J. Reinhardt, B. M ü ller, W. Greiner, G. Soff, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 (1981) 2831. W. Greiner, J. Reinhardt, in Quantum Aspects of Beam Physics, P. Chen Ed., World Scientific 1998. K. Rumrich, K. Momberger, G. Soff, W. Greiner, N. Gr ü n, W. Scheid, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66 (1991) 2613. T. de Reus, U. M ü ller, J. Reinhardt, P. Schl ü ter, K.H. Wietschorke, B. M ü ller, W. Greiner, G. Soff, in Proc. of NASI Conference, Lahnstein/Rhein, W. Greiner Ed., Plenum, New York, 1981. Z c > 173

6. Thermonuclear energy of the Sun J. Perrin & A. Eddington (1920) G. Gamow & F. Houtermans (1928) R. Atkinson & F. Houtermans (1929) H. Bethe (1939)

7. Pulsars and Neutron stars rotational energy Chinese, Japanese, Korean astronomers (1054 A.D.) R. Oppenheimer & R. Volkoff (1939) J. Bell & T. Hewish (1967) A. Finzi & R. Wolf (1968)

8. Introducing the “Black Hole”

9. Gravitational accretion energy vs. nuclear binding energy Nuclear Binding Energy per Nucleon FUSION FISSION

10. The “Uhuru” satellite

11. Accretion Energy. The identification of the first black hole: Cygnus X-1  = 10 37 erg/s = 10 4 L  = 0.01(dm/dt) acc c 2 Absence of pulsation due to the uniqueness of Kerr- Newman metric M > 3.2 M  Leach & Ruffini, 1973

12. Varenna, 1975

13. Giacconi, Sweden (2002)

14. The Kerr metric

15. The “Blackholic” energy: E 2 = (M ir c 2 + Q 2 /2  ) 2 + (Lc/  ) 2 + p 2 Christodoulou, Ruffini, 1971 Up to 29% rotational energy. Up to 50% electromagnetic energy.

16. Zel’dovich and Pontecorvo

17. The H-Bomb

19. The blackholic energy and the Quantum

22. Short and Long GRBs seconds 10 3 counts/s seconds 10 3 counts/s

26. The Long Story of the Cosmic Gamma Ray Bursts. E = 10 54 ergs!

27. What are short-GRBs? What are long-GRBs? GRB 030329 What are GRB afterglows? GRB 030329 GRB 980425

28. - “Relative Space Time Transformations” (RSTT) paradigm (Ruffini, Bianco, Chardonnet, Fraschetti, Xue, ApJ, 555, L107, 2001) - “Interpretation of the Burst Structure” (IBS) paradigm (Ruffini, Bianco, Chardonnet, Fraschetti, Xue, ApJ, 555, L113, 2001) - “GRB-supernova Time Sequence” (GSTS) paradigm (Ruffini, Bianco, Chardonnet, Fraschetti, Xue, ApJ, 555, L117, 2001) Ruffini, Bianco, Chardonnet, Fraschetti, Xue, Int. Journ. Mod. Phys. D, 12, 173, (2003) Summary of our Model (tested on GRB 991216) E dya = 4.8x10 53 ergB = 3.0x10 -3

29. Intensity Arrival time at the detector (seconds) BATSE observations R-XTE and Chandra Observations Proper-GRB Afterglow

30. Our GRB – SN connection Black hole formation. Dyadosphere GRB Supernova Two different systems Induced gravitational collapse Della Valle, Mazzali, Nomoto

31. NS SN Induced gravitational collapse (2006) C/O NSFe NS SN BH SN PEM Pulse

32. GRB 050315

33. GRB 050315: BAT + XRT Light curve Afterglow P-GRB (not shown) “Prompt Emission” (afterglow peak) Ruffini, Bernardini, Bianco, Chardonnet, Fraschetti, Guida, Xue, ApJ, 645, L109, (2006)

34. GRB 050315: BAT Light curve (15-25 keV) Afterglow Ruffini, Bernardini, Bianco, Chardonnet, Fraschetti, Guida, Xue, ApJ, 645, L109, (2006)

35. GRB 050315: BAT Light curve (25-50 keV) Afterglow Ruffini, Bernardini, Bianco, Chardonnet, Fraschetti, Guida, Xue, ApJ, 645, L109, (2006)

36. GRB050315: BAT Light curve (50-100 keV) Afterglow Ruffini, Bernardini, Bianco, Chardonnet, Fraschetti, Guida, Xue, ApJ, 645, L109, (2006)

37. GRB 050315: BAT Light curve (15-350 keV) Afterglow P-GRB Ruffini, Bernardini, Bianco, Chardonnet, Fraschetti, Guida, Xue, ApJ, 645, L109, (2006)

38. GRB 050315: Instantaneous spectra Ruffini, Bernardini, Bianco, Chardonnet, Fraschetti, Guida, Xue, ApJ, 645, L109, (2006)

39. The duration of long GRBs The Kouveliotou – Tavani classification of short and long bursts. The Amati relation. The Ghirlanda relation. Lowering the threshold, we need to reconsider:

40. What are short-GRBs? What are long-GRBs? GRB 030329 What are GRB afterglows? GRB 030329 GRB 980425 Short-GRBs are P-GRBs! Long-GRBs are not bursts: they are E-APEs! GRB afterglows are the fading part of E-APEs!

41. Nuclear density core N ~ (m planck /m n ) 3 Ruffini, Rotondo, Xue, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D, in press (2007)

42. Solution of the Thomas – Fermi Equation

43. Electron penetration in the nuclear core

44. Critical electric field near the core surface

45. The Dyadosphere +Q-Q - - - - - + + + + + - - - - - + + + + + - - - - - + + + + + e + e - plasma  r = r ds – r + Preparata, Ruffini, Xue, A&A, 338, L87, (1998) Ruffini, Bianco, Chardonnet, Fraschetti, Vitagliano, Xue, “Cosmology and Gravitation”, AIP, (2003)

46. Concentrations of pairs and photons with and inverse triple collisions Concentrations of pairs and photons with and without inverse triple collisions Ruffini, Aksenov, Vereshchagin, submitted (2007)

47. Pair creation feedback Initial conditions: n 0 =  0 = p 0 = 0, E 0 = 10 E c (left column), E 0 = 0.15 E c (right column). Plots: Elecric field strength E(t), e + number density n(t), e + velocity v(t), e + Lorentz factor  (t). D Ruffini, Vereshchagin, Xue, submitted (2007)

48. The Dyado-torus C. Cherubini, A. Geralico, J. Rueda, R. Ruffini (2007)

49. Rick Hanni

50. Discussion Unruh - Wheeler

51. Bini - Geralico - Ruffini

52. The electric Meissner effect