1. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Out of Many A History of the American People Seventh Edition Chapter The Territorial Expansion of the United States 1830-1850s 14

2. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Territorial Expansion of the United States 1830-1850s Exploring the West The Politics of Expansion The Mexican-American War California and the Gold Rush The Politics of Manifest Destiny Conclusion

3. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Emigrant Wagons Waiting to Cross the Missouri River.

4. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Chapter Focus Questions What was manifest destiny? What were the major differences between the Oregon, Texas, and California frontiers? What were the most important consequences of the Mexican-American War?

5. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Chapter Focus Questions (cont’d) What was the link between expansion and slavery? What were the issues in the election of 1848?

6. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage North America and San Antonio

7. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Texans and Tejanos “Remember the Alamo!” An alliance between Americans and Tejanos Tejano elite welcomed U.S. entrepreneurs and shared power with them. The Mexican state was unstable and the conservative centralists decided Americans had too much power and tried to crack down on local autonomy.

8. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Texans and Tejanos “Remember the Alamo!” (cont’d) Tejanos played key roles in the Texas Revolution, though once independence was secured they were excluded from positions of power. The frontier pattern of dealing with native people was by:  first, blending with them  second, occupying the land  third, excluding or removing native settlers.

9. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Exploring the West

10. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Bourgeois Walker and His Wife

11. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Fur Trade The greatest spur to exploration in North America Not until the 1820s could American companies challenge the British. Trappers known as mountain men:  accommodated themselves to local Indians,  rarely came in contact with whites and,  might be viewed as the advance guard of the market revolution.

12. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Fur Trade (cont'd) By the 1840s, however, the beaver was virtually trapped out.

13. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage MAP 14.1 Exploration of the Continent, 1804–30

14. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Government-Sponsored Exploration The federal government promoted western expansion by sending out exploratory and scientific expeditions that mapped the West and brought back artists’ re- creations. Easterners avidly followed the explorations and the books and maps they published, fueling national pride and expansionism.

15. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage MAP 14.2 Indian Territory before the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

16. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Expansion and Indian Policy Government policy  the West as a refuge for removed eastern Indians Encroachment on the new Indian territory Further land concessions from the western tribes, though the tribes in Oklahoma held on to their lands until after the Civil War

17. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Expansion and Indian Policy (cont'd) The major battles between whites and Indians in the Great West occurred after the Civil War.

18. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Politics of Expansion

19. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Wagons being ferried over the Platte River

20. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Politics of Expansion Rapid expansion west reinforced Americans’ pioneering spirit. Americans saw venturing into and taming the wilderness almost as a right.

21. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Manifest Destiny, an Expansionist Ideology 1845: journalist John O’Sullivan  “manifest destiny”—Americans had a God- given right to spread across the continent and conquer Increase trade and enable whites to “civilize” the Indians

22. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Manifest Destiny, an Expansionist Ideology (cont'd) Democrats saw expansion as the cure for national ills by providing new opportunities in the West, leading to increased trade with Asia. Whigs feared expansion would bring up the slavery issue.

23. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage MAP 14.3 The Overland Trails, 1840

24. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Overland Trails The great trails started at the Missouri River. The Oregon, California, and Mormon Trails followed the Platte River into Wyoming. The 2,000-mile Overland Trail was a long, expensive, and hazardous journey. Pioneers traveled in groups and often hired a pilot who knew the terrain.

25. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Overland Trails Men were responsible for care of the animals. Women prepared food and took care of the children. Problems arose when the parties reached the Rocky Mountains. Though Indian attacks were few, throughout the journey disease plagued the pioneers.

26. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Oregon After 1818, the United States and Britain jointly controlled Oregon territory, though the British dominated the region. Along with fur trappers, missionaries were among the earliest white settlers. Conflicts with Indians resulted in periodic bloodbaths. Disease greatly reduced the Indian population.

27. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Oregon (cont'd) The mid-1840s “Oregon Fever”—promise of free land 1846: Canadian border redrawn to current location

28. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage FIGURE 14.1 Overland Emigration to Oregon, California, and Utah, 1840–60

29. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Oregon (cont'd) White Oregonians built closely-knit communities. African Americans were formally excluded. Relations with the Indians were peaceful until 1847, when a series of wars broke out. In 1859, Oregon was admitted to the United States as a state.

30. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage View of Fort Vancouver on the Columbia River in the 1840s

31. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Santa Fé Trade After independence, New Mexico welcomed American trade along the Santa Fé Trail. American trappers and traders assimilated into the local population. A society of mixed race and culture was typical of the early frontier. The trail was hard, arduous, and dangerous; profits were high.

32. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage MAP 14.4 Texas: From Mexican Province to U.S. State

33. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Mexican Texas In Texas, multiethnic settlements revolved around the presidio, mission, and rancho. Vaqueros, often mixed-race mestizos, were the model for the American “cowboy.” Mexican authorities sought American settlement as a way of providing a buffer between its heartland and the Comanche.

34. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Americans in Texas Starting in 1821, Mexico granted land to American settlers. Stephen F. Austin promoted American emigration. Generally, slaveholders came to grow cotton in their self-contained enclaves. Americans viewed Texas as an extension of Mississippi and Louisiana.

35. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Americans in Texas (cont’d) For a brief period Texas was big enough to hold Comanche, Mexican, and American communities:  Mexicans maintained ranches and missions in the South.  Americans farmed the eastern and south central sections.  The Comanche held their hunting grounds on the frontier.

36. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Commanche Village Life

37. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Americans in Texas (cont’d) In 1828, a new Mexican centrist government broke the balance when it sought to control Texas by restricting immigration, outlawing slavery, and raising taxes. Americans came to see their own culture as superior to that of the “mongrel Spanish-Indian.”

38. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Americans in Texas (cont’d) War broke out in 1835. The Mexican army overwhelmed Americans at the Alamo. At the San Jacinto River, Sam Houston’s victory led to a treaty granting independence to the Republic of Texas and fixing the southern boundary at the Rio Grande.

39. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Americans in Texas (cont’d) The Mexican Congress refused to ratify the treaty and continued to claim Texas.

40. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Republic of Texas The Texas Republic developed after the United States rejected admission for fear of rekindling slave state/free state conflicts. Within the republic, conflicts between Anglos and Tejanos grew as Americans assumed themselves to be racially and culturally superior.

41. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Republic of Texas (cont'd) President Tyler raised the issue of annexation in 1844 with hopes of re- election—the debate over the ramifications of annexation ensued. Polk won the 1844 election after calling for “the re-occupation of Oregon and the re- annexation of Texas at the earliest practicable period.”

42. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Republic of Texas (cont'd) The 1844 election was widely interpreted as a mandate for expansion. Texas became a state in 1845, becoming the twenty-eighth state of the Union and the fifteenth slave state.

43. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Mexican-American War

44. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage General Winfield Scott’s amphibious attack on the Mexican coastal city of Veracruz in March 1847

45. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Origins of the War James K. Polk was committed to expanding U.S. territory. He peacefully settled the Oregon controversy. Increasing tensions with Mexico led that nation to break diplomatic relations with the United States.

46. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Origins of the War (cont'd) Polk wanted to extend U.S. territory to the Pacific and encouraged a takeover of California. A border dispute led Polk to order troops to defend Mexico.

47. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Mr. Polk’s War The dispute with Mexico erupted into war after that nation refused to receive Polk’s envoy and a brief skirmish occurred on the Texas-Mexico border. The cwas was politically divisive, particularly among opponents of slavery and northerners. Mass and individual protests occurred.

48. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage MAP 14.5 The Mexican-American War, 1846–48

49. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Mr. Polk’s War (cont’d) Polk planned the war strategy, sending troops into the northern provinces of Mexico, conquering New Mexico and California. Victories in Mexico came hard. The fierce Mexican resistance was met by American brutality against Mexican citizens. When General Scott captured Mexico City, the war ended.

50. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Mr. Polk’s War (cont'd) Polk had ambitions of taking more territory, but strong opposition made him accept the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

51. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage MAP 14.6 Territory Added, 1845–53

52. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Press and Popular War Enthusiasm The Mexican-American War was the first conflict featuring regular, on-the-scene reporting made possible by the telegraph. The war reports united Americans into a temporary, emotional community. Popular war heroes like Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott later became presidential candidates.

53. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage War News from Mexico

54. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage California and the Gold Rush

55. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The bar of a gambling saloon in San Francisco in 1855

56. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage California and the Gold Rush In the early 1840s, California Indians outnumbered Hispanic Californios and only a handful of Americans had settled there. After annexation, few Americans moved to California. With the gold rush, California was changed dramatically and permanently.

57. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Russian-Californio Trade The first outsiders to challenge Spanish possession of California were Russian traders from Alaska. Despite Spanish restriction, a brisk trade grew and Russians established an outpost at Ft. Ross. With independence, Mexico opened California to the trade of all nations.

58. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Russian-Californio Trade (cont'd) In 1841 Russia gave up Ft. Ross and abandoned the California trade.

59. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Early American Settlement A Swiss immigrant who became a Mexican citizen, John Sutter, helped Americans emigrate to California. An American community grew up around Sutter’s land grant, which participated in the independence movement from Mexico. After annexation, few American gave thought to California, regarding it as a distant frontier.

60. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage MAP 14.7 California in the Gold Rush

61. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Gold! January 1848 discovery  triggered a massive gold rush of white Americans, Mexicans, Chinese Few miners struck it rich  Levi Strauss profited from supplying the miners The entry port and supply point, San Francisco grew from a village of 1,000 in 1848 to a city of 35,000 in 1850.

62. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Gold! (cont'd) California’s white population grew by nearly tenfold. California gained enough residents to become a state in 1850.

63. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage FIGURE 14.2 Where the Forty-Niners Came From

64. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Gold! (cont'd) The Chinese first came to California in 1849. They were often forced off their claims. The Chinese worked as servants and in other menial occupations. Shunned by whites, Chinese retreated to “Chinatown” ethnic enclaves, especially in San Francisco.

65. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Chinese first came to California in 1849 attracted by the gold rush.

66. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Mining Camps The mining camps were generally miserable, squalid, temporary communities where racism was widespread. Abandoned camps became “ghost towns.” Most of the miners were young, unmarried, and unsuccessful. A much more reliable way to earn wealth was to supply the miners.

67. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Mining Camps (cont'd) In the quest for gold, California Indians and Hispanics were shoved aside.

68. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Politics of Manifest Destiny

69. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Campaign poster

70. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Politics of Manifest Destiny (cont’d) Between 1845 and 1848, the U.S. expanded by 70 percent. These new territories led directly to sectional debates and brought slavery to the forefront of national politics.

71. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Wilmot Proviso Northern Whigs opposed expansion on antislavery grounds. The Wilmot Proviso caused a controversy by seeking to ban slavery in the new territories. A bitter debate on the Proviso raised serious sectional issues and caused the first breakdown of the national party system.

72. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Free-Soil Movement The growth of the Liberty Party indicated northern public opinion was shifting toward an antislavery position. The Free-Soil Party offered a compromise for northern voters by focusing on stopping the spread of slavery.

73. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Free-Soil Movement (cont'd) The Free-Soilers appealed to northern values of freedom and individualism, as well as racism, for they would ban all African Americans from the new territories.

74. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Election of 1848 In the election of 1848, candidates had to discuss their views on the slavery expansion.  Lewis Cass (Democrat) favored popular sovereignty but vague on details  Whig war hero, Zachary Taylor, refused to take a position on the Wilmot Proviso.  Free-Soil Party Martin Van Buren as a spoiler

75. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Election of 1848 (cont'd) In the election of 1848, candidates had to discuss their views on the slavery expansion.  By taking Democratic votes from Cass, Van Buren helped Taylor win the election. -Unfortunately, Taylor died in office.

76. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Conclusion

77. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Territorial Expansion of the United States, 1830s-1850s The national expansion of the 1840s seemed to confirm the promise of manifest destiny but, as the election of 1848 revealed, also revealed political problems that, unresolved, would lead to civil war. Expansion, rather than uniting the nation, nearly destroyed the one community all Americans shared in the federal Union.

78. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Chronology