1. Fig. 7-CO, p. 184

2. Fig. 7-1, p. 186

3. Condensation Precipitation 111,000 Precipitation 385,000 Transpiration and Glaciers Evaporation 425,000 Groundwater Ocean Runoff 40,000 Lakes Evaporation 71,000

4. Fig. 7-2, p. 187

5. Salt

6. Table 7-1, p. 188

7. Fig. 7-3, p. 189

8. One kilogram of seawater Water 965.6 g Most abundant ions producing salinity Other components (salinity) 34.4 g Sodium (Na + ) 10.556 g Chloride (Cl – ) 18.980 g Magnesium (Mg 2+ ) 1.272 g Bicarbonate (HCO 3 − ) 0.140 g Other Calcium (Ca 2+ ) 0.400 g Potassium (K + ) 0.380 g Sulfate (SO 4 2− ) 2.649 g

9. Table 7-2, p. 189

10. Fig. 7-4a, p. 190

11. SO 2 (Sulfur dioxide) CO 2 (Carbon dioxide) Cl − (chloride) SO 4 2− (sulfate) HCl (Hydrochloric acid) Sulfur Volcano H 2 S (Hydrogen sulfide) Sea spray (ions) Adsorption and precipitation River discharge (ions) Ca 2+ (calcium) K + (potassium) Ca 2+ (calcium) Dissolution SO 4 2− (sulfate) Uplift Mg 2+ (magnesium) SO 4 2− (sulfate) Bottom sediments Ridge system Na + (sodium) HCO 3 − (bicarbonate) Biological processes Chemical reactions

12. Fig. 7-4b, p. 190

13. Fig. 7-5, p. 191

14. Fig. 7-6, p. 192

15. Table 7-3, p. 192

16. Box 7-1, p. 193

17. Table 7-4, p. 194

18. Fig. 7-7, p. 194

19. 20 OXYGENNITROGEN 15 Seawater 10 5 Seawater 5 00 Concentration of dissolved gas at 1 atmosphere (milliliters per liter) 05101520250510152025 Temperature (°C) Concentration of dissolved gas at 1 atmosphere (milliliters per liter)

20. Fig. 7-8, p. 195

21. 0 0 1,000 4,000 2,000 O2O2 CO 2 8,000 Depth (m) Depth (ft) 3,000 12,000 4,000 123456 O2O2 4446485052 CO 2 Concentration of dissolved gas in milliliters per liter (ml/l)

22. Fig. 7-9, p. 196

23. Acidic Neutral Basic pH scale

24. Fig. 7-10, p. 197

25. ATMOSPHERE CO 2 (dissolved) H2OH2OH 2 CO 3 CO 2 (gas) + Carbonic acid H+H+ HCO 3 – bicarbonate ion Photosynthesis Respiration OH – H + + CO 3 2− carbonate ion PrecipitationSolution OCEAN BOTTOM CaCO 3 Carbonate sediments or shells CO 2 O 2 (dissolved)

26. Fig. 7-11, p. 198

27. 100% HCO 3 – (bicarbonate ion) H 2 CO 3 (carbonic acid) CO 3 2− (carbonate ion) 50% Average pH of seawater Normal pH range of seawater Relative abundance of carbonic acid, bicarbonate ion, and carbonate ion in seawater 0% 46789101112 pH 5

28. Fig. 7-12, p. 198

29. 8.0 average ocean pH pH 7.07.58.59.0 0 Upper sunlit layer 2,000 1,000 Bottom of photo- synthetic zone 4,000 6,000 2,000 8,000 3,000 10,000 Depth (m) 12,000 Depth (ft) 4,000 CCD 14,000 5,000 16,000 18,000 6,000 8.0