1. The Structure and Anatomy of Plants
FRUITS AND FLOWERS
IAFNR Plant and Soil Sciences Module

2. Taxonomic Process and Ranks
Kingdom-Highest Classification Ranking (5)
Plantae-Plants
Animalia-Animals
Monera-Bacteria and Blue-Green Algae
Protista-All other Algae and Protozoans
Mycota-Fungi
Phylum-Second Classification Ranking
Plantae- Phylums are unranked
Classified by reproductive structure and Vascular structure
Class- Third Classification Ranking
Specific to plant structure and presence of/ kinds of seeds
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3. Subkingdoms Thallobionta Embryobionta Contains plants lacking
True roots
Stems
Leaves
Composed of 10 divisions of algae and fungi
Algae and Fungi no longer classified in Plantae Kingdom
Composed of two groups
Bryophyta
Vascular Plants

4. Spermatophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms Naked-Seeded Plants
Woody, perennial, and mostly evergreen plants
Reproductive organs
Cones or catkins with seeds uncovered
Flowers and Protected Seeds (in fruits)
Divisions of Class
Monocots
Dicots
Based on the numbers of cotyledons or seed leaves in the seed
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5. Flowers Flowers are the reproductive part of angiosperm plants
Two Accessory Organs include
Calyx-outermost leaf-like part of the flower
Corolla-inner set of leaf-like parts, includes petals
Many flowers are complete flowers
They have both male and female structures
Stamen (male) and Pistill (female)
Examples-Tomatoes, Apples, Beans, Roses
Other plants have two separate male and female flowers
Examples-Watermelon, Squash, and Corn
EXAMPLE OF A COMPLETE FLOWER
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6. Flowers Stamen (male) Pistill (female) Composed of Composed of
Filament
Thin stalk that attaches anther to the flower
Anther
Oblong attachment at the top of the filament that produces pollen
Pollen
Tiny specs barely visible to human eye, can form a layer of powdery like substance.
Composed of
Style
Stalk that connects the ovary to the stigma
Ovary
Enlarged, bulb-like part of the pistil that bears ovules
Ovules become seeds after fertilization
Stigma
The tip of the style or pistil made to receive pollen

7. Fruit Angiosperms have seeds enclosed within flowers and fruit
Fruit serves as protection for the seed
Concept of a fruit is not what the average person thinks
Bean pods, cucumbers, eggplants, and peanut hulls are fruit
Fruit
The ripened and seed-bearing ovaries of flowers
Divided into two categories
Dry Fruits
Fleshy Fruits
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8. Fruit Dry Fruit Fleshy Fruit Gray, brown, or a dull color
Different types
Nuts- hard shelled, one-seeded
Grains- one-seeded fruits of grasses and cereals
Legume- pod formed
Example: Peas
Juicy and brightly colored
Different types
Drupe-simple fruit, one-seeded with an outer fleshy layer and inner hard layer
Example: Peach
Berry-thin covering with seeds embedded in flesh
Example: Blueberry and Tomato
Pepo-larger berry-like fruit
Example: Cucumber

9. Seeds Seed consists of an outer coat or wall and an embryo inside
Typically have one embryo in each seed
Exception of some citrus fruits
Embryo made up of
Epicotyl- grows into all plant parts above first node of stem
Hypocotyl- grows into lower plant parts, like stem and roots
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10. References
Parker, R. (2010). Plant and Soil Science: Fundamentals and Applications. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.