1. Putting Europe Back Together: Congress of Vienna (1815)

2. What was the meeting which attempted to restore Europe to what it had been before the French Revolution and Napoleon? What was the significance of the Congress of Vienna? What is the belief that no one country should be more powerful than the others? What was the legacy of Napoleon? What was the legacy of the Congress of Vienna?

3. Nationalism in Napoleonic Europe  What is nationalism? o Common definition is a passion/zeal for ones country o Not what we mean when we talk about nationalism in the 19 th Century  What nation comes to mind when we think nationalism? The United States  Some look at the American Revolution as the birth of nationalism  Not true: some argument over it, but it’s largely recognized that the American Revolution didn’t happen because of a question of identity (indeed 1/3 of Americans still considered themselves British)  America is separated by regional differences o Take pride in their state! E.g. I’m a Texan!

4. o Nationalism is not having a zeal for ones country  Identifying a common culture, tradition, language, etc. Seeing oneself and others as a member of a nation o The French Revolution is the birth of nationalism  The first time in modern history that the people of a state recognize themselves as members of a nation

5.  What would you say was the turning point of the French Revolution? Death of Louis XVI o Revolutionaries called a war against the tyrants of Europe, hoping to end monarchism. o Focus: Liberate other countries from oppression  When the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic armies are conquering Europe, what do you think they are doing in the process? o The Wars of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars will catalyze the spread of the values of the French Revolution o Armies are conquering Europe! The Army is acting as a vector for these values o When Napoleon conquers an area various reforms are put into place

6. Also meant to gather support: bolster the area for defensive purposes, and allow the extract of raw materials

7.  Problem: o Do you think these nations are going to just accept foreign rule? o Armies didn’t just reform states: meant to extract materials for France  Italy was banned from importing certain types of machinery and had a disadvantageous tariff imposed  Netherlands: The Dutch economy, once prosperous, was brought to a standstill  Spain: Saw the French as conquerors not liberators  Poland: Napoleon promised independence, but Poles started to doubt his sincerity and look to Prussia/Russia for liberation

8.  Germany o The French Revolution declared a war on tyrants, yet Napoleon seemed to be oblivious to the irony  Also not necessarily aware of the side effects that the spread of nationalism and liberalism will have o Many people at first had a lot of admiration for Napoleon.  Germany had a lot of writers, philosophers, composers (Beethoven) who admired Napoleon  Began to see him as a tyrant  Beginning of an anti-French attitude that would last straight through to World War II

9. o Germany a series of small states (some 300) with the largest being Prussia  Remember: Regional identities, didn’t see themselves as German  German writers, philosophers, etc. start to argue over the existence of a “Germany”  People who shared a common history, religion, tradition, and language  What do you think their next step is?  Some rumblings of unification… mostly amongst intellectuals and idealists, most aren’t interested in it

10. The Big Players Britain: Lord Castlereagh Austria: Metternich Russia: Tsar Alexander I France’s Talleyrand Prussia: King Frederick William III

11. Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) European monarchs sought to turn back the clock to 1789 and restore Europe’s Old Regime Members included the “Big Four” and France –Austria – Prince Metternich –England – Duke of Wellington and Lord Castlereagh –France – Talleyrand –Prussia – Frederick William III, Hardenberg, and Humboldt –Russia – Tsar Alexander I

12. 1. Decide what to do with France 2. Maintain a balance in power in Europe 3. Restoration of European monarchies Basic Agenda

13. Metternich (1773-1859) Conservative leader at the Congress Opposed democracy and nationalism Claimed that he was guided by the principle of legitimacy: lawful monarchs from the royal families that had ruled before Napoleon would be restored to power

14. General Principles Balance of Power Nationalism Conservatism Legitimacy Compensation Liberalism

15. Balance of Power: so that no one country can ever dominate Europe again. France has a proper place in that balance, so shouldn’t be overly weakened. Legitimacy: the desire of the great powers to restore rulers and frontiers as they had existed prior to the FR and Napoleonic Wars, insofar as it was possible/desirable. Compensation: Victorious allies (esp. Britain and Russia) expected to be rewarded for their efforts in defeating Napoleon, and penalized countries that had helped Napoleon.

16. Balance of Power: so that no one country can ever dominate Europe again. France has a proper place in that balance, so shouldn’t be overly weakened. Legitimacy: the desire of the great powers to restore rulers and frontiers as they had existed prior to the FR and Napoleonic Wars, insofar as it was possible/desirable. Compensation: Victorious allies (esp. Britain and Russia) expected to be rewarded for their efforts in defeating Napoleon, and penalized countries that had helped Napoleon. Liberalism: philosophy that supports guarantees for individual rights, liberties, legal equality, and popular sovereignty Conservatism: philosophy that supports the traditional social and political order and resists changes; condemn the FR b/c it upset the traditional way of governing by monarchy and nobility Nationalism: philosophy including loyalty and devotion to a nation and the belief that each nation has the right to govern itself, and not be dominated by another nation

17. Compensation and Legitimacy Compensation –Napoleon’s enemies rewarded with land –Other nations compensated for land taken –Redrew the map of Europe Legitimacy –Restoration of pre-Napoleon rulers –House of Bourbon – France, Spain, and the two Sicilies –House of Braganza – Portugal –House of Orange – Netherlands –House of Savoy – Sardinia –German princes – territories in the Confederation of the Rhine –Pope and Catholic Church – Papal States

18. Territorial Changes Austria gained Lombardy, Modena, Parma, Tuscany, and Venetia (all are areas in Italy) England gained Cape Colony, Ceylon, Heligoland, Guiana, and Malta (areas in Africa, the Americas, and Asia) Holland gained Austrian Netherlands (Belgium) Prussia gained part of Poland, land along the Rhine River, 40% of Saxony, Swedish Pomerania, and Westphalia Russia gained Finland and part of Poland Sweden gained Norway

19. Europe After the Congress of Vienna

20. Fate of Nationalism People had no say over territorial changes Language, nationality, and religion weren’t taken into consideration Ideas of democracy and self-government were rejected by European leadership Soon enough, concessions were made

21. Louis XVIII of France No more divine right of kings Charter (Constitution) granted in 1814 Could not restore feudalism and serfdom Continuing religious toleration guaranteed

22. Buffer States Designed to prevent France from again becoming a threat Holland and Sardinia enlarged and strengthened European nations guaranteed Switzerland’s neutrality Keep Russia from acquiring much more territory

23.  Prussia receives some territory on the Rhine River Does that sound familiar? The Rhine? Recall back to Post-WWI Germany…  Later discovered to be one of the world’s largest coal deposits  Allows for Prussia/Germany’s rapid industrialization/militarization

24. Results of the Congress of Vienna Concert of Europe – group of leading nations which periodically met to discuss issues regarding stability Great Britain, Prussia, Austria, Russia, and later the defeated France all join in an alliance Planned to meet annually, and join together to put down anything that could threaten the status quo whether it’s a radical movement or another nation Temporary suppression of democratic and nationalistic ideals The Principle of Intervention: the great powers of Europe had the right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions in order to restore legitimate monarchs to power; Great Britain did not agree with this policy

25. International peace – no general war in Europe until World War I (100 years later) Those wars which did break out were in large part expressions of the leading European countries’ own desires for nationalism and unification. Crimean War (1854-1856) Austro-Prussian War (1866) Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

26.  Conservatism o What does this whole Congress of Vienna start to sound like? o NOT a League of Nations or a United Nations o Two interests  Maintaining the status quo and balance of power  Restoring the old ways o They are fine with war, so long as it doesn’t disrupt the balance of power  Small conflicts between one another is fine o Restoring the old ways  Want to stop the values and ideas of the French Revolution from spreading or growing

27.  What happens if ideas of nationalism and liberalism spread?  Consider a nation like Austria, that controls territories made up of Germanic, Hungarian, Saxon, Bavarian, Silsesians, Hanoverians, Italian, Czech, Slovak, Serbian, Bosnian, Croatian, etc.  What happens to Austria if those people start seeing themselves as a people and a nation? o They are going to lose out, and one day some Serbian secret society will, in the name of independence, stage a political assassination against the Arch-duke of Austria and start the next major European war. o These people are going to want to break away from the nation, they want to be independent

28.  Lose power o They believe that the majority of the people can’t effectively govern themselves  True to some extent, can’t trust wage labourers and farmers to make important political decisions. They just don’t have the education. o The Congress itself is a return to old values  The congress wasn’t so much a diplomatic event but an assembly of people engaged on lavish expenditures and dinner parties  The British representative and his wife took dancing lessons, for example.

29. o Furthermore, they aren’t necessarily against change. They are against rapid advanced change  Recall back to Edmund Burke and his thesis on the French Revolution  Klemens von Metternich was the most influential (if not dominating force) at the discussion table during the Congress of Vienna.  You can tell he’s a noble because of the “von”

30. Legacy of Congress of Vienna “Balance of Power” doctrine Restoration of monarchies New political map of Europe New political philosophies (liberalism and conservatism)

31. Prussian gains Saxony

32. Austrian Netherlands

33. Finland & Sweden

35. Review Questions What countries made up the “Big Four” at the Congress of Vienna? What were the principles of compensation and legitimacy? How did the Congress of Vienna redraw the map of Europe? What was the purpose of the Quadruple Alliance? What were the results of the Congress of Vienna?