1. Ferdinand II Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary & Bohemia Came to the throne in a predominantly Protestant region (he was very Catholic). How the war started was this:

2. The king-elect sent two Catholic councilors as his representatives to administer the government in his absence. Suddenly, the Bohemian Hussites seized them, subjected them to a mock trial, and threw them out of the palace window which was some 70 feet off the ground. The Catholic version of the story claims that angels appeared and carried them to safety, while the Protestant version says that they landed in a pile of manure which saved their lives.

3. Thirty Years War Involved 12 countries (not all at the same time) Before the war, Germany had a population of 20 million – after the war less than 16!!

4. Before the siege of Magdeburg the population there was over 30,000. After the siege, the pillage, and the slaughter, 400!! The side winning went back & forth. The Hapsburg (Catholics) were winning for the 1 st few years. Then the Protestants when Sweden entered the war. Then the Catholics, and finally the Protestants (with France’s help) The Swedish armies alone may have destroyed up to 2,000 castles, 18,000 villages and 1,500 towns in Germany, one-third of all German towns.

5. Catholic general Albrecht von Wallenstein He pledged his army of between 30,000 and 100,000 soldiers to Ferdinand II in return for the right to plunder the captured territories.

6. King Gustavus II of Sweden. Helped turn the tide against the Catholics.

7. Cardinals Richelieu & Mazirin of France Even though Catholic, they feared the Hapsburgs even more and had French troops help the Protestants.

8. King Gustavus II of Sweden. Helped turn the tide against the Catholics.

9. 30 Years War Although Catholic, Richelieu didn’t want to allow other European nations to become as powerful as France so he sent French troops to join the Protestants. In 1648, the Peace of Westphalia was signed. It reduced the territories of Spain, Austria, and Germany (France was the winner here) It made all German princes independent of the Holy Roman emperor (thus taking away and power the position still had) Pioneered the way wars would be settled (with all parties participating)

10. Central Europe Poland – still had serfs. Nobles took advantage of them by making them work 6 day work weeks (this only left 1 day a week to grow their own food). Polish kings had little power. Nobles elected them. This would be a problem later because each noble could choose which side they were on in the case of an invasion, and the king was not allowed his own army. Ottoman Empire was declining after their attempt to capture Vienna. They would stay in decline until 1918 when they ceased to exist.

11. Charles VI ruled the Hapsburg lands. This was a difficult empire to rule because it encompassed so many different nationalities. This would later lead to the decline of the Austrian-Hungary empire (eliminated in 1918)

12. Charles spent years working on agreements so his daughter would have a peaceful reign. But a new power was rising in the north that would go to war with her twice (this is a fresco of Charles as Apollo, considered one of the greatest works of art during the Baroque Period)

13. Maria Theresa 1717-1780 Ruler of Austria, Hungary, Holy Roman Empress Mother of Marie Antoinette

14. Maria’s palace in Vienna, Schonbrunn Palace

17. Maria’s archenemy was Frederick the Great of Prussia (1712-1786) He was from the Prussian dynasty called the Hohenzollererns He would fight 2 wars against Maria Theresa (the war of Austrian Succession and the Seven Years War)

18. Frederick’s palace near Berlin, Sanssouci

21. Frederick playing the flute in the music room – he composed 1 symphony, 121 flute sonatas, and 4 flute concertos

22. Voltaire at Sanssouci discussing philosophy with Frederick II

23. War of Austrian Succession War was between 2 young emperors/empresses War started over Silesia (modern day Czechoslovakia) Involved 12 countries / provinces War lasted from 1740 - 1748 Bottom line is Austria sacrificed Silesia to Prussia.

24. Seven Years War 1756 - 1763 More or less a continuation of Austrian Succession. Involved 16 different countries / provinces Biggest loser – France Biggest winner – England No land changed hands in Europe – England gained Canada, India, part of Africa.

25. Ivan IV (the terrible) 1530- 1584 1 st Tsar of Russia

26. He accused the boyars (landowning nobles) of poisoning his wife

27. Ivan created a secret police, the Oprichnik, to hunt down boyars and generally terrorize the public and keep them in place.

28. Ivan’s most famous building is St. Basils in the Red Square, Moscow

29. Ivan after he killed his son. Earlier he had beat his son’s wife for wearing immodest clothing, causing a miscarriage

30. Ivory Throne of Ivan IV (Terrible)

31. Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan Mehmed IV of Ottoman Empire. They would make temporary alliances with whomever could pay for their services

32. Peter the Great 1672 - 1725

35. The Hermitage & Winter Palace, St. Petersburg

36. Museum built by Peter the Great

37. “Twelve Colleges” were the 1 st in St. Petersburg

38. Winter Palace

39. Chesma Palace Church, St. Petersburg

40. Peterhof Palace

41. Peterhof Palace, St. Petersburg

43. Peterhof

46. Chapel at Peterhof