1. Essential Question: What were the results of the 1848 revolutions in Germany? Why were they not successful?

2. * What obstacles did German Nationalist face in 1848? 39 independent German states None of the states were willing to give up their own independence to create a German nation-state. German “dualism” Prussia and Austria were the two great powers in the German Confederation. If a German nation-state was created only one would be able to lead the new German state. Aristocracy in Prussia (the Junkers) Did not support German nationalism for fear of losing their privileges in Prussia.

3. * 1848 rioting breaks out in Berlin. (Capital of Prussia) * The army was fighting the revolution and was winning before the King (Frederick William IV) allowed an all- Prussian legislative assembly. * The assembly was radical made up of lower-class extremists from east Prussia. * Assembly votes to allow Polish self government in the Posen. * German in east Prussia ignore Posen and Frederick William IV changed his mind and the army puts down the revolution.

4. * What were the goals of the Frankfurt Assembly? Create a liberal, self-governing, federally unified and democratic Germany. What problems did the Frankfurt assembly face? It had no real power It relied on the sovereign German states for support but was trying eliminate their sovereignty. German Dualism Most delegates were Great Germans Wanted to include Austrian lands (Except Hungary) Germany would then be united under the Habsburgs. Little Germans Wanted to exclude Austria and unite the rest of Germany. Prussia would then be united under Prussia Disagreed with the radicals at the Berlin Conference there for dividing the revolutionaries.

5. * In April of 1849 the Assembly finished the Constitution and passed the “Declaration of the Rights of the German People” * Similar to Rights of Man * Little Germans had won and Austria was exlued * Frederick William IV of Prussia was offered the throne but he turned it down. * Why did Frederick William IV turn down the German throne? Landlords and Prussian army officers did not want to lose their privileges in Prussia. Smaller states would still have to be defeated. Austria would not just give up Germany. He did not wish to have a constitution limiting his power. Results of 1848 Assembly disbursed and Prussian army put down uprisings. Prussian Constitution of 1850 Established a parliament with two chambers. Lower Chamber was elected by universal male sufferage but wealthy landowners had more votes