1. _______ and _________ Notes Waste Disposal Read Miller, Ch. 21 1

2. Chapter Overview Questions What is______waste and how much do we produce? How can we produce _____ solid waste? What are the advantages and disadvantages of _______ recycled materials? What are the advantages and disadvantages of _______ or _______ solid waste? What is ________ waste and how can we deal with it? 2

3. Chapter Overview Questions (cont’d) What can we do to ______ exposure to lead and mercury? How can we make the _________ to a more sustainable low-waste society? 3

4. Core Case Study: _____ Canal — There Is No “Away” Between __________, _________ Chemical sealed multiple chemical wastes into steel drums and dumped them into an old canal excavation (Love Canal). In 1953, the canal was filled and sold to ______ Falls school board for $___. The company inserted a _________ denying __________ for the wastes. 4

5. Core Case Study: Love Canal — There Is No “Away” In _______, Hooker Chemical _______ the school not to disturb the site because of the ______ waste. In ______ an __________ school, playing fields and homes were built __________ the clay cap covering the wastes. In ______, residents complained of chemical _____ and chemical ______ from the site. 5

6. Core Case Study: Love Canal — There Is No “Away” President ______ ______ declared Love Canal a ______ _______ area. The area was abandoned in _____ (left). Extra credit: Update Love canal.________ _________________ _________________ Figure 22-1 6

7. Core Case Study: Love Canal — There Is No “Away” It still is a __________ as to how much the chemicals at Love Canal _______ or caused _______ to the residents. Love Canal sparked creation of the __________ _____, which forced polluters to _____ for cleaning up abandoned toxic waste dumps. 7

8. WASTING RESOURCES ____________: any _______ or ________ material we produce that is ____ a liquid or gas. __________________ :produce directly from _______. __________________: produced indirectly by _________that supply people with goods and services. _______________: _________ human _______ or the _________ because it is ______, chemically_______, _________ or ____________. 8

9. __________ RESOURCES Solid wastes ________ a river in ________, Indonesia. The man in the boat is looking for items to ________ or sell. Figure 22-3 9

10. WASTING RESOURCES The _____________produces about a _____ of the world’s solid waste and buries more than _______ of it in _________. About ______ is _________ solid waste. The remaining _______is MSW. About ______of U.S. MSW is dumped into ______, _____is ________ or composted, and _____is burned in ____________. 10

11. __________ Waste: A Growing Problem ______ consists of toxic and hazardous waste such as _____, _____, _______, and __________. The U.S. produces almost ______ of the world's e-waste but only ________ about _____of it. Figure 22-4 11

12. Definition _______ waste is placed in a ______, _________, and ______ with soil. Reduces the number of ___ associated with solid waste, lessens the danger of _____, and decreases the ____. __________ 12

13. Current ________ Landfills _____ pollute ______ or __________. Compacted clay and plastic ______ are at the ______ (_______ liquid waste from ______ into ____________) A _______ liner system must be present (plastic, clay, plastic, clay), and a system to collect _________ (______ that seeps through the solid waste) 13

14. _______ _____ allowed Must go to an ________ or ____________ company for recycling. 14

15. _______ Are usually allowed if they are ______ or _________. 15

16. __________ ______ allowed. Must be sent to an automotive or environmental company for __________. 16

17. _____ ___________ _________ _____ allowed Must be sent to an automotive or environmental company for ___________. 17

18. ______ Acid (_____ Batteries) ______ allowed Must be sent to an automotive or an environmental company for _________. 18

19. Definition A sweet-smelling, dark-brown, ______-like material that is rich in _______ material and soil __________. _________ 19

20. __________ _________ the soil. ________ soil’s ability to retain _____ and ________. Helps prevent __________. Prevents nutrients from being _______ in landfills. 20

21. ________ 6 to 12 inches of ______ ________ leaves or other _______ material shade garden _______ or ______ _____ air 21

22. Definition ________ of resources by converting them into ____ product. __________ 22

23. _________ Comprise over ____ of the solid waste Includes yard _____, wood materials, _________, food, ______ and agricultural residues, land clearing debris, used _____, and mixed __________ organic waste. _________ materials have been dumped in landfills or burned. Why not use them! 23

24. General __________ _______ saves land, reduces the amount of solid ______, energy ________ and _________. Ex. recycling one ________ can saves the energy of about ___ oz. of gasoline. 24

25. ____________ ______, lead, nickel, steel, ______, silver, zinc, and ________ are recyclable. 25

26. ____________ Recycling ______ have environmental _____. It uses _______ and generates ________. Ex. the ___________ process in paper recycling requires energy, and produces a ______ sludge that contains heavy ________. 26

27. ____________ Conserves our ________ resources Has a _______ effect on the economy by generating jobs and revenues. For example, the Sunday edition of the New York Times consumes _______trees. Currently, only about ___ of all paper in North America is recycled. 27

28. Specific ________ Items 28

29. ________ U.S. recycles about ___ of its glass containers. It costs ____ to recycle glass than to make new glass. Mixed color glass “_____” is used for glassphalt, a glass/asphalt mixture. 29

30. ____________ This is the _____________material in the U.S. because of $. Making a new can from an old one requires a _______ of the _______ than to make a new can from raw materials. Approximately ___ of cans are recycled each year, saving __million barrels of oil annually. 30

31. _____ U.S. currently recycles ___ of its paper and paperboard. Denmark, recycles about ___ of its paper. Many U.S. ______ are not able to process waste paper. Many countries like ______, import a large amount of wastepaper from the U.S. We export about ___of our recycled paper. 31

32. __________ ________ 32

33. #1 - PET (___________ __________) _____ is used to make soft drink bottles, peanut butter jars, etc. PET can be recycled into ________ for sleeping bags, carpet fibers, rope, and pillows. 33

34. #2 - HDPE (___________________) HDPE is ______ in milk jugs, butter tubs, detergent bottles, and motor oil bottles. HDPE can be ________ into flowerpots, trashcans, traffic barrier cones, and detergent bottles. 34

35. #3 - PVC (_____________) PVC is used in ________ and cooking oil bottles & fast-food service items. 35

36. #4 - LDPE (____________________) ______ is found in ______ bags, bread bags, shrink-wrap, and margarine tub tops. LDPE can be ________ into new grocery bags. 36

37. #5 - PP (___________) ____ is used in yogurt containers, straws, pancake syrup bottles, and bottle caps. PP can be recycled into ________ _______, car battery cases, and manhole steps. 37

38. #6 - PS (__________) PS is found in _________ ___ ____, packaging materials (peanuts), & meat trays. PS can be recycled into plastic ______, cassette tape boxes, and flowerpots. 38

39. #7 - Other A ________ of various plastics, like squeeze ketchup bottles & “microwaveable” dishes. 39

40. ___________ Waste The ____ ______of radioactive wastes is the problem. Radioactive wastes must be stored in an ________ _____where they can’t contaminate the environment. It must have __________ _________ and little or no water flowing nearby. 40

41. Texas __________ of Waste The TNRCC oversees the municipal waste in Texas. In ____, the solid waste disposal rate for Texans was ___ pounds per person per day. This is based on every item that goes into a landfill. The ______ estimates that _________tons were diverted for recycling in ____. Texans disposal rate is comparable to the US disposal rate. 41

42. ____________ Many packaging items are put into _______, including boxes, packing peanuts, Styrofoam, shrink wrap, etc. Try to buy things that are ___ as highly packaged. Many companies use peanuts that are made from ________ that can be washed down the drain and not put into landfills. ______ containers and buy smart! 42

43. Definition The ____ ________way to deal with solid and hazardous waste and hazardous waste. This includes the _____ R’s: _______, _______, and _______. ______________________ 43

44. _______________ WASTE MANAGEMENT We can ________ the solid wastes we produce and ______ or _______ their production. Figure 22-5 44

45. Fig. 22-5, p. 523 Primary Pollution and Waste Prevention First Priority Second PriorityLast Priority Release waste into environment for dispersal or dilution Bury waste in landfills Waste Management Incinerate waste Buy reusable recyclable products Recycle Repair products Make products that last longer and are recyclable, reusable, or easy to repair Reduce packaging and materials in products Use less of a harmful product Secondary Pollution and Waste Prevention Treat waste to reduce toxicity Purchase different products Reuse products Change industrial process to eliminate use of harmful chemicals Compost 45

46. Solutions: Reducing ____ Waste _______: to buy items that we really don’t need. ________: _______ _____and live a simpler and less stressful life by practicing simplicity. ______: rely more on items that can be ____ ____ and ____. __________: use something for another purpose _______ of throwing it away. ________: paper, glass, cans, plastics…and buy items made from ______ materials. 46

47. Fig. 22-6, p. 524 Follow the five Rs of resource use: Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Repurpose, and Recycle. Buy products in concentrated form whenever possible. Read newspapers and magazines online. Use e-mail in place of conventional paper mail. Refill and reuse a bottled water container with tap water. Do not use throwaway paper and plastic plates, cups and eating utensils, and other disposable items when reusable or refillable versions are available. Buy things that are reusable, recyclable, or compostable, and be sure to reuse, recycle, and compost them. Rent, borrow, or barter goods and services when you can. Ask yourself whether you really need a particular item. What Can You Do? Solid Waste 47

48. ________ Reusing products is an important way to ______ resource use, waste, and pollution in developed countries. Reusing can be _________ in developing countries for poor who scavenge in open dumps. They can be exposed to ______ or infectious __________. 48

49. _____________ _________________________: materials are turned into new products of the same type. ___________________: materials are converted into different products. Used tires shredded and converted into rubberized road surface. Newspapers transformed into cellulose insulation. 49

50. RECYCLING Composting ___________ organic waste mimics nature by recycling plant nutrients to the soil. Recycling paper has a number of _________ (reduction in pollution and deforestation, less energy expenditure) and ___________ __________and is easy to do. 50

51. RECYCLING Recycling many plastics is ___________ and _____________ difficult. Many______are hard to isolate from other wastes. Recovering individual plastic _______ does not yield much material. The cost of virgin plastic resins in ____ than recycled resins due to low ______ fuel costs. There are new _________ that are making plastics _____________. 51

52. _____________________ SOLID WASTE Globally, MSW is burned in over 1,000 large ________________________, which boil water to make steam for heating water, or space, or for production of electricity. Japan and a few European countries incinerate most of their MSW. 52

53. Waste-to-Energy Incineration 1) the volume of waste is reduced by up to ___ and 2) the heat produced, produces steam, which can warm buildings or generate electricity. In ____, the U.S. had 110 w-to-e incinerators, which burned ____ of the nation’s solid waste & produces less CO2 emissions than power plants that run on fossil fuels. Giant piles of tires are also being burned to supply ________. 53

54. Burning Solid Waste Waste-to-energy incinerator with pollution __________ that burns mixed solid waste. Figure 22-10 54

55. _________ Solid Waste Most of the world’s _____ is buried in ________ that eventually are expected to leak toxic liquids into the soil and underlying aquifers. __________: are fields or holes in the ground where garbage is deposited and sometimes covered with soil. Mostly used in developing countries. ______________: solid wastes are spread out in thin layers, compacted and covered daily with a fresh layer of clay or plastic foam. 55

56. Fig. 22-12, p. 532 Sand When landfill is full, layers of soil and clay seal in trash Methane storage and compressor building Leachate storage tank Leachate monitoring well Groundwater monitoring well Electricity generator building Leachate treatment system Methane gas recovery well Compacted solid waste Leachate pipes Leachate pumped up to storage tank for safe disposal Groundwater Clay and plastic lining to prevent leaks; pipes collect leachate from bottom of landfill Topsoil Sand Clay Subsoil Probes to detect methane leaks Garbage Synthetic liner Sand Clay Pipes collect explosive methane as used as fuel to generate electricity 56

57. Case Study: What Should We Do with Used ________? We face a _______ in deciding what to so with h_______ of _______ of discarded tires. Figure 22-14 57

58. ____________ WASTE ________________: is any discarded _____ or ______ material that is toxic, ignitable, corrosive, or reactive enough to explode or release ____________. The two largest classes of _________ wastes are organic compounds (e.g. pesticides, PCBs, dioxins) and toxic heavy metals (e.g. lead, mercury, arsenic). 58

59. Hazardous Waste _________ in the United States ____ major federal ____ regulate the management and disposal of __________ waste in the U.S.: Resource Conservation and _______ Act (RCRA) Cradle-to-the-grave system to keep track waste. Comprehensive ____________ Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (_________) Commonly known as _____________ program. 59

60. Hazardous Waste _________ in the United States The __________ law was designed to have polluters pay for cleaning up abandoned hazardous waste sites. Only ____ of the cleanup costs have come from the polluters, the rest comes from a trust fund financed until ____ by taxes on _______ raw materials and oil. 60

61. ___________ to Less Hazardous Substances _________________: using charcoal or resins to _________ out harmful chemicals. _______________: using chemical reactions that can convert hazardous chemicals to ____ harmful or harmless chemicals. 61

62. Conversion to Less Hazardous Substances ________________: ______________: bacteria or enzymes help destroy toxic and hazardous waste or convert them to more benign substances. ________________: involves using _________ or ____________ engineered plants to absorb, filter and remove contaminants from polluted soil and water. 62

63. Phytostabilization Plants such as willow trees and poplars can absorb chemicals and keep them from reaching groundwater or nearby surface water. Rhizofiltration Roots of plants such as sunflowers with dangling roots on ponds or in green- houses can absorb pollutants such as radioactive strontium-90 and cesium-137 and various organic chemicals. Phytoextraction Roots of plants such as Indian mustard and brake ferns can absorb toxic metals such as lead, arsenic, and others and store them in their leaves. Plants can then be recycled or harvested and incinerated. Phytodegradation Plants such as poplars can absorb toxic organic chemicals and break them down into less harmful compounds which they store or release slowly into the air. Inorganic metal contaminants Organic contaminants Radioactive contaminants Brake fern Poplar tree Indian mustard Willow tree Sunflower Oil spill Landfill Groundwater Soil Polluted leachate Decontaminated water out Polluted groundwater in Groundwater Soil 63

64. Conversion to _______ Hazardous Substances __________: heating many types of hazardous waste to high temperatures – _____________– in an incinerator can break them down and convert them to _____ harmful or harmless chemicals. 64

65. Conversion to _____ Hazardous Substances _____________: passing electrical current through gas to generate an electric arc and very high temperatures can create plasma. The plasma process can be carried out in a torch which can decompose liquid or solid hazardous organic material. 65

66. __________ Storage of Hazardous Waste Hazardous waste can be disposed of on or underneath the earth’s surface, but without proper design and care this can pollute the air and water. _________________: liquid hazardous wastes are pumped under pressure into dry porous rock far beneath ____________. ___________________: excavated depressions such as ponds, pits, or lagoons into which liners are placed and ________ hazardous wastes are stored. 66

67. Long-Term Storage of Hazardous Waste ________________________: Some highly toxic materials cannot be __________ or destroyed. Metal drums are used to stored them in areas that can be __________ and _________. _______________: Sometimes hazardous waste are put into drums and buried in carefully ________and _________ sites. 67

68. ___________________________ In the U.S. there are only _____ commercial hazardous waste landfills. Figure 22-22 68

69. ACHIEVING A______ - _________SOCIETY In the U.S., citizens have kept _________of incinerators, landfills, and hazardous waste ____________ from being built in their local areas. __________________ means that everyone is entitled to protection from environmental hazards without ______________. 69

70. Global Outlook: ________________ ________________________ An _________________ _______ calls for phasing out the use of harmful persistent organic pollutants (_______). ______ are insoluble in water and soluble in fat. Nearly every person on earth has ___________ of _______ in their blood. The U.S has ____ ratified this treaty. 70

71. Making the _________ to a Low- Waste _______: A New _______ Everything is __________. There is no “______” for the wastes we produce. Dilution is _____ always the _______ to ________. The _____ and _________ way to deal with wastes are ___________ and pollution _____________. 71