1. Chapter 3

2. The Cosmopolitan Middle East, Hittites Hittites –Anatolia –Horse-drawn chariots, and had access to important copper, silver, and iron deposits. New Kingdom Egypt New Kingdom Egypt –Aggressive expansion –Queen Hatsheput –Akhenaten –Ramessides Commerce and Communication Commerce and Communication Crossroads for the trade in metals Crossroads for the trade in metals Horses, chariots, and camels. Horses, chariots, and camels.

3. Israel, 2000–500 b.c.e. Biblical accounts of the origins of the Israelite people include the stories of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob Biblical accounts of the origins of the Israelite people include the stories of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob Egyptian captivity is not confirmed by Egyptian sources Egyptian captivity is not confirmed by Egyptian sources The cult of Yahweh with its devotion to one god developed during the period of nomadism in the Sinai. The cult of Yahweh with its devotion to one god developed during the period of nomadism in the Sinai. Nomadic Israelite tribes settled in the hills of Canaan Nomadic Israelite tribes settled in the hills of Canaan Wars brought about the need for a strong central government. Wars brought about the need for a strong central government. –Saul, the first king, –David, the second king, completed the transition to monarchy. –Solomon forged alliances and sponsored trade and built the First Temple in Jerusalem. Women had some rights but wee generally treated as property Women had some rights but wee generally treated as property Two kingdoms: Israel in the north (capital: Samaria), and Judah in the south (capital: Jerusalem) Two kingdoms: Israel in the north (capital: Samaria), and Judah in the south (capital: Jerusalem) Faced conquest by foreigners Faced conquest by foreigners Diaspora Diaspora

4. Phoenicia and the Mediterranean Middle Eastern- Established city states throughout the Mediterranean Sea Middle Eastern- Established city states throughout the Mediterranean Sea Traders- Invented Alphabet Traders- Invented Alphabet Byblos, Berytus, Sidon, and Tyre Byblos, Berytus, Sidon, and Tyre Carthage’s Commercial Empire Carthage’s Commercial Empire –North Africa –City governed by two judges selected from upper- class families and by a Senate that was dominated by the leading merchant families. –The navy was the most important arm of Carthaginian power –Merchants were active around the Mediterranean –Built a trade empire –Worshiped gods that demanded sacrifice including children –Eventually came into conflict with Rome